Forisomes, a novel type of Ca<sup>2+</sup>‐dependent contractile protein motor

Knoblauch, Michael; Peters, Winfried S.

doi:10.1002/cm.20006

Cited by 52 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The sequence similarity indicates that forisomes and conventional P-proteins have a common evolutionary origin (28,35). This notion is supported by several shared structural characteristics, such as their fibrillar composition (9,56), their ultrastructure in the condensed and dispersed states (5,57), their spatiotemporal expression profiles (24,58), and their cellular function, although forisomes are unique in that the sealing of sieve plates is reversible (29). In this context, the Ca 2+ -mediated dispersion of forisomes has been investigated in detail (30,56), and it remains to be seen whether conventional Pproteins display any sensitivity to calcium or have any further functional similarities to forisomes.…”

Section: Distribution Of Seo Genes Reveals the Uniformity Of P-proteinsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Sieve element occlusion(SEO) genes encode structural phloem proteins involved in wound sealing of the phloem

Ernst

Jekat

Zielonka

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

100

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The sieve element occlusion (SEO) gene family originally was delimited to genes encoding structural components of forisomes, which are specialized crystalloid phloem proteins found solely in the Fabaceae. More recently, SEO genes discovered in various nonFabaceae plants were proposed to encode the common phloem proteins (P-proteins) that plug sieve plates after wounding. We carried out a comprehensive characterization of two tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) SEO genes (NtSEO). Reporter genes controlled by the NtSEO promoters were expressed specifically in immature sieve elements, and GFP-SEO fusion proteins formed parietal agglomerates in intact sieve elements as well as sieve plate plugs after wounding. NtSEO proteins with and without fluorescent protein tags formed agglomerates similar in structure to native Pprotein bodies when transiently coexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, and the analysis of these protein complexes by electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural features resembling those of native P-proteins. NtSEO-RNA interference lines were essentially devoid of P-protein structures and lost photoassimilates more rapidly after injury than control plants, thus confirming the role of P-proteins in sieve tube sealing. We therefore provide direct evidence that SEO genes in tobacco encode P-protein subunits that affect translocation. We also found that peptides recently identified in fascicular phloem P-protein plugs from squash (Cucurbita maxima) represent cucurbit members of the SEO family. Our results therefore suggest a common evolutionary origin for P-proteins found in the sieve elements of all dicotyledonous plants and demonstrate the exceptional status of extrafascicular P-proteins in cucurbits.photoassimilate transport | wound response | exudation | phloem protein 1

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Section: Distribution Of Seo Genes Reveals the Uniformity Of P-proteinsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Sieve element occlusion(SEO) genes encode structural phloem proteins involved in wound sealing of the phloem

Ernst

Jekat

Zielonka

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

100

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“…In vitro studies have shown that forisome smart material can be undergoes repeated cycles of contraction and expansion anisotropically. 6 Microfluidics is a new and rapidly growing field with diverse applications ranging from -miniature vacuum system, microinstrument for in situ analysis, microbiology and medicine in space. It can function under non physiological pH values.…”

Section: Concept Of Forisome As: Smart Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The experiment to test the forisome smart materials as micro-valves such as nanomotors and micro-stopcock in microfluidity system have been conducted. 6 Insufficient adhesion at the forisome edges and wall material has been noticed. 41 Prototypes have indicated that dispersed forisome are able to occlude artificial micro channels.…”

Section: Concept Of Forisome As: Smart Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The term forisome is coined by Knoblauch meaning gate-bodies (Latin foris: wing of a gate; Greek soma: body). 6 These proteins are found in vascular system of leguminous plants and often defined as "stopcocks." 7 Studies have shown that shifts of pH or Ca +2 concentrations can stimulate anisotropic contraction and expansion of the forisomes protein (2-4 μm wide and 10-40 μm long) under in vitro conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Studies have shown that shifts of pH or Ca +2 concentrations can stimulate anisotropic contraction and expansion of the forisomes protein (2-4 μm wide and 10-40 μm long) under in vitro conditions. 6 It is emerging as a prime candidate to outperform current smart materials, such as piezoelectric materials, shape-memory alloys, and synthetic hydrogels/polymers that are currently functioning as advanced smart valves and actuators since no functional metabolic apparatus is required for the forisome-based smart actuation. These actuators can be used for controlled release of drugs in microfludic devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Calcium powered phloem protein ofSEOgene family “Forisome” functions in wound sealing and act as biomimetic smart materials

Srivastava

Tuteja²

2014

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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Anisotropic contraction in forisomes: Simple models won't fit

Peters¹,

Knoblauch²,

Warmann³

et al. 2008

Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton

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Forisomes are ATP-independent, Ca(2+)-driven contractile protein bodies acting as reversible valves in the phloem of plants of the legume family. Forisome contraction is anisotropic, as shrinkage in length is associated with radial expansion and vice versa. To test the hypothesis that changes in length and width are causally related, we monitored Ca(2+)- and pH-dependent deformations in the exceptionally large forisomes of Canavalia gladiata by high-speed photography, and computed time-courses of derived geometric parameters (including volume and surface area). Soybean forisomes, which in the resting state resemble those of Canavalia geometrically but have less than 2% of the volume, were also studied to identify size effects. Calcium induced sixfold volume increases in forisomes of both species; in soybean, responses were completed in 0.15 s, compared to about 0.5 s required for a rapid response in Canavalia followed by slow swelling for several minutes. This size-dependent behavior supports the idea that forisome contractility might rest on similar mechanisms as those of polyelectrolyte gels, a class of artificial "smart" materials. In both species, time-courses of forisome length and diameter were variable and lacked correlation, arguing against a simple causal relationship between changes in length and width. Moreover, changes in the geometry of soybean forisomes differed qualitatively between Ca(2+)- and pH-responses, suggesting that divalent cations and protons target different sites on the forisome proteins.

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Forisomes, a novel type of Ca²⁺‐dependent contractile protein motor

Cited by 52 publications

References 30 publications

Sieve element occlusion(SEO) genes encode structural phloem proteins involved in wound sealing of the phloem

Sieve element occlusion(SEO) genes encode structural phloem proteins involved in wound sealing of the phloem

Calcium powered phloem protein ofSEOgene family “Forisome” functions in wound sealing and act as biomimetic smart materials

Anisotropic contraction in forisomes: Simple models won't fit

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Forisomes, a novel type of Ca2+‐dependent contractile protein motor

Cited by 52 publications

References 30 publications

Sieve element occlusion(SEO) genes encode structural phloem proteins involved in wound sealing of the phloem

Sieve element occlusion(SEO) genes encode structural phloem proteins involved in wound sealing of the phloem

Calcium powered phloem protein ofSEOgene family “Forisome” functions in wound sealing and act as biomimetic smart materials

Anisotropic contraction in forisomes: Simple models won't fit

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Forisomes, a novel type of Ca²⁺‐dependent contractile protein motor