Form and Function of Stemmata in Larvae of Holometabolous Insects

Gilbert, Cole

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.39.010194.001543

Cited by 100 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 63 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Insect larval eyes experienced numerous modifications in the highly diversified lineages of endopterygote insect orders (Gilbert 1994). One of the most dramatic changes occurred in the higher Diptera, specifically in the lineage leading to Drosophila (Melzer and Paulus 1989).…”

Section: Evolutionary History Of the Drosophila Larval Eyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The direction of light flux is influenced by the heavy pigmentation of the photoreceptors themselves, which force light to enter from a limited angle. Since species with primitive ommatidium-type larval eyes are known in both Coleoptera and Diptera (Gilbert 1994), one has to conclude that the reduction of accessory cells occurred independently in the lineages leading to Drosophila and Tribolium. It is noteworthy that in both of these groups, the ecology of larvae appears to render vision less important (Busto et al 1999;Park 1934).…”

Section: Recapitulated Fusion Of Ancestral Ommatidal Units In the Larmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, there are several examples of larvae with quite good vision. Among them are certain Nematocera (the more basal flies) such as mosquitoes, which achieve improved vision simply by expressing the adult compound eye early (Gilbert 1994) (Fig. 9a).…”

Section: Remodeling Of Larval Eyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 a In mosquito larvae, the adult visual system develops early, enhancing the visual ability of larva and pupa; modified after (Gilbert 1994). b Among the most sophisticated larval visual systems is that of tiger beetles, in which some of the stemmata are image-forming camera-type eyes with thousands of receptor cells; modified after (Toh and Mizutani 1994a).…”

Section: The Hofbauer-buchner Eyelets: Larval Eyes Recycledmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Evolution of Insect Eyes: Tales of Ancient Heritage, Deconstruction, Reconstruction, Remodeling, and Recycling

Buschbeck

Friedrich

2008

Evo Edu Outreach

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The visual organs of insects are known for their impressive evolutionary conservation. Compound eyes built from ommatidia with four cone cells are now accepted to date back to the last common ancestor of insects and crustaceans. In species as different as fruit flies and tadpole shrimps, the stepwise cellular patterning steps of the early compound eye exhibit detailed similarities implying 500 million years of developmental conservation. Strikingly, there is also a cryptic diversity of insect visual organs, which gives proof to evolution's versatility in molding even the most tenacious structures into something new. We explore this fascinating aspect in regard to the structure and function of a variety of different insect eyes. This includes work on the unique compound-single-chamber combination eye of twistedwinged insects and the bizarre evolutionary trajectories of specialized larval eyes in endopterygote insects.

show abstract

Section: Evolutionary History Of the Drosophila Larval Eyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recapitulated Fusion Of Ancestral Ommatidal Units In the Larmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Remodeling Of Larval Eyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Hofbauer-buchner Eyelets: Larval Eyes Recycledmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Evolution of Insect Eyes: Tales of Ancient Heritage, Deconstruction, Reconstruction, Remodeling, and Recycling

Buschbeck

Friedrich

2008

Evo Edu Outreach

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These insects, popularly known as antlions, are holometabolous, i.e., after the eggs hatch, they pass through larval (L1, L2, L3) pupal, and imago stages (Gilbert, 1994). The larvae are known for their strategy of building funnel-shaped traps in the sandy soil to capture their prey (Napolitano, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleolar activity during larval development of Myrmeleon uniformis Navas, 1920 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae)

Pacheco¹,

Alevi²,

Silva³

et al. 2014

Genet. Mol. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT. It has been reported in the literature that the Malpighian tubules of Neuroptera in the third instar undergo drastic histological changes, when they stop functioning in osmoregulation and start to secrete silk fibers for a cocoon. Therefore, to increase our knowledge about these cellular alterations that occur in the larvae of Neuroptera, we analyzed the cells that constitute the Malpighian tubules of each larval instar of the species Myrmeleon uniformis, with emphasis on nucleolar activity. Malpighian tubules, after being removed, were fixed on a slide using liquid nitrogen and stained by silver impregnation. In Nucleolar activity in antlions addition, total protein of the tubules was quantified. By analyzing the cells in the first instar larval stage, we observed only two silver-stained nucleolar regions. In cells of second instar larvae, there was an increase in the number of stained regions, and in the third instar, the number of nucleolar regions was very large. Agarose gel electrophoresis indicated that third instar larvae had high synthetic activity, where the total amount of proteins was larger in third instar stage than in the other larval stages. Furthermore, the most abundant proteins displayed molecular weights of about 32-43 kDa and were probably precursors of silk fibers. Thus, the results obtained showed that nucleolar alterations occur in the cells of the Malpighian tubules of larval instars of M. uniformis and this is directly related to the production of silk fibers used by the pupa to ensure the completion of metamorphosis.

show abstract

Twenty-eight retinas but only twelve eyes: An anatomical analysis of the larval visual system of the diving beetleThermonectus marmoratus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The larvae of the sunburst diving beetle, Thermonectus marmoratus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), are highly efficient visually guided predators. Their visual system consists of a cluster of six stemmata and one eye patch on each side of the head capsule. Histological investigations show that the organization of individual stemmata differs strongly from any eye that has previously been described. Based on general morphology, ultrastructural data, and the presence of actin-rich areas that are typical for rhabdoms, we find that each eye is characterized by several retinas. The most dorsal eye on each side is relatively long and tubular, and we have identified three spatially distinct areas with retinula cells: 1) a band of two rows of rhabdoms along the medial side of the eye tube; 2) a flattened cone-shaped region towards the bottom of the tube that is formed by the rhabdoms of retinula cells that are oriented perpendicular to the light path; and 3) two horizontal rows of long rhabdoms parallel to the light path at the base of the tube. A second large eye is organized similarly but lacks the medial band. The remaining four eyes are nearly spherical and each has two distinct retinas. The 12 eyes hence account for a total of 26 retinas, and two further retinas are present in eye patches lacking lenses. Our anatomical findings suggest that this is an example of a visual system in which specific visual tasks are distributed among the eyes, and which relies on a variety of highly specialized retinas.

show abstract

Form and Function of Stemmata in Larvae of Holometabolous Insects

Cited by 100 publications

References 63 publications

Evolution of Insect Eyes: Tales of Ancient Heritage, Deconstruction, Reconstruction, Remodeling, and Recycling

Evolution of Insect Eyes: Tales of Ancient Heritage, Deconstruction, Reconstruction, Remodeling, and Recycling

Nucleolar activity during larval development of Myrmeleon uniformis Navas, 1920 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae)

Twenty-eight retinas but only twelve eyes: An anatomical analysis of the larval visual system of the diving beetleThermonectus marmoratus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About