“…To form the product, the sheet blank is fixed at an exact height in a specially designed fixture, and the CNC tool is moved in a predefined toolpath. The SPIF technique was first used to create metallic components (Pandivelan and Jeevanantham, 2015; Bishnoi and Chandna, 2022b), but researchers later used it to create shape-memory materials, sandwich and laminated sheets, composites, polymers and superalloys parts (Jackson, Allwood and Landert, 2008; Mohammadi et al , 2015; Centeno et al , 2017; Liu and Li, 2019; Wu et al , 2019; Bishnoi and Chandna, 2022a). Because the SPIF method is not affected by the work material’s chemical, electrical or thermal properties, it may be used in the transportation, solar, aerospace, medical, automotive and architectural sectors (Duflou et al , 2008; Trzepieciński et al , 2018; Bishnoi and Chandna, 2022b).…”