“…They are appropriate for small scale systems where the spatial domain is usually not represented explicitly (e.g. cell cycle [ 23 , 27 , 32 , 36 , 44 , 46 , 51 ], gene expression/regulatory networks [ 20 , 35 , 39 , 52 , 53 ], signalling pathways [ 17 , 22 , 25 , 28 – 30 , 38 , 46 , 54 – 56 ]). These model checking approaches cannot be directly employed to verify either spatial computational models because they do not consider how spatial properties change over time, or multilevel computational models because they do not distinguish between different levels of organization.…”