Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of laminate flooring by structure of laminate flooring and heating condition

An, Jae Yoon; Kim, Sumin; Kim, Hyun Joong

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.086

Cited by 49 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A study that examined emissions from laminate flooring as a function of structure and heating condition found that more formaldehyde and TVOC were emitted when buildings used floor heating and air circulation systems, respectively [17,18]. The effects of temperature, preconditioning time and paint coating weight on VOC and formaldehyde emissions have also been investigated [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior of VOCs and Carbonyl Compounds Emission from Different Types of Wallpapers in Korea

Lim

Kim

Arong

et al. 2014

IJERPH

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Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyls from three types of commercially available wallpapers (i.e., PVC-coated, paper-backed, natural material-coated) in Korea were evaluated using a 20 L small chamber. A total of 332 products were tested for emission factors, frequencies of occurrence and composition ratios. Toluene and formaldehyde concentrations were below Korean standard values for all products; however, the total VOC (TVOC) concentrations exceeded current standards (4.0 mg/m2·h) for 30 products. The TVOC emission factor for PVC-coated wallpapers, for which polymer materials are used in the manufacturing process, was seven and 16 times higher than those of paper-backed and natural material-coated wallpapers, respectively. The detection frequencies for toluene and formaldehyde were the highest (82.5%) and fourth highest (79.5%), respectively among the 50 target chemical species. The composition ratios for BTEX ranged from 0.3% to 5.1% and unidentified VOCs, which were not qualitatively analyzed using standard gas methods, ranged from 90.2% to 94.8%. Among six carbonyl compounds (acrolein was not detected in any type of wallpaper), acetone had the highest concentrations in PVC-coated (44.6%) and paper-backed (66.6%) wallpapers. Formaldehyde emissions were highest (64.6%) for natural material-coated wallpapers, a result of the formaldehyde-based resin used in the manufacturing process for these products.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior of VOCs and Carbonyl Compounds Emission from Different Types of Wallpapers in Korea

Lim

Kim

Arong

et al. 2014

IJERPH

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“…LL CLF was constructed from a core of MDF and several sheets of resin-impregnated papers. (8,9) MDF is a mixture of wood fibers and formaldehydecontaining resin that is formed into a mat. To manufacture LL CLF, the top and bottom of the mat are covered by sheets of melamine-formaldehyde paper.…”

Section: Laminate Flooringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Exposure and Cancer Risk from Formaldehyde Emissions from Installed Chinese Manufactured Laminate Flooring

et al. 2017

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Lumber Liquidators (LL) Chinese-manufactured laminate flooring (CLF) has been installed in >400,000 U.S. homes over the last decade. To characterize potential associated formaldehyde exposures and cancer risks, chamber emissions data were collected from 399 new LL CLF, and from LL CLF installed in 899 homes in which measured aggregate indoor formaldehyde concentrations exceeded 100 μg/m from a total of 17,867 homes screened. Data from both sources were combined to characterize LL CLF flooring-associated formaldehyde emissions from new boards and installed boards. New flooring had an average (±SD) emission rate of 61.3 ± 52.1 μg/m -hour; >one-year installed boards had ∼threefold lower emission rates. Estimated emission rates for the 899 homes and corresponding data from questionnaires were used as inputs to a single-compartment, steady-state mass-balance model to estimate corresponding residence-specific TWA formaldehyde concentrations and potential resident exposures. Only ∼0.7% of those homes had estimated acute formaldehyde concentrations >100 μg/m immediately after LL CLF installation. The TWA daily formaldehyde inhalation exposure within the 899 homes was estimated to be 17 μg/day using California Proposition 65 default methods to extrapolate cancer risk (below the regulation "no significant risk level" of 40 μg/day). Using a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency linear cancer risk model, 50th and 95th percentile values of expected lifetime cancer risk for residents of these homes were estimated to be 0.33 and 1.2 per 100,000 exposed, respectively. Based on more recent data and verified nonlinear cancer risk assessment models, LL CLF formaldehyde emissions pose virtually no cancer risk to affected consumers.

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“…It has been reported that the over-standard rate of formaldehyde and TVOC in underground buildings has reached 66.7 % and 77.8 % respectively [3]. Emissions of formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) are influenced by many environment factors [4][5][6][7], such as temperature, humidity, air velocity and merchandise materials. The simulation based on the CFD software to the air flow pattern under three different types of air distribution (up-inlet and up-outlet, downinlet and up-outlet, up-inlet and down-outlet) when the office buildings adopt the dry fan coil units and dedicated outdoor air system, is used to analyze the impact of different air distribution on air flow pattern through the study of indoor temperature field and velocity field in the summer case [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Air Supply Mode on Indoor Air Quality Using Fresh Air System

Gao

Wang

et al. 2018

MATEC Web Conf.

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Abstract. The different ways of fresh air into the indoor, different forms of organization, will affect the indoor comfort. Meanwhile, it can affect the quality of indoor air. The test of the fresh air system mainly involves the indoor temperature and humidity with and without return air. Based on various air organization conditions, the best scheme is put forward. In this work, the influence of the air inlet location on the indoor air quality is studied, and the indoor thermal environment of the room is optimized under the condition of the fresh air supplied.

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Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of laminate flooring by structure of laminate flooring and heating condition

Cited by 49 publications

References 21 publications

Behavior of VOCs and Carbonyl Compounds Emission from Different Types of Wallpapers in Korea

Behavior of VOCs and Carbonyl Compounds Emission from Different Types of Wallpapers in Korea

Potential Exposure and Cancer Risk from Formaldehyde Emissions from Installed Chinese Manufactured Laminate Flooring

Effect of Air Supply Mode on Indoor Air Quality Using Fresh Air System

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