Formaldehyde emission behavior of plywood with phenol-formaldehyde resin modified by bio-oil under radiant floor heating condition

Yu, Yuxiang; Xu, Pingping; Chen, Chao; Chang, Jianmin; Li, Lufei

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.08.025

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The FT-IR spectra of bio-oil and cured PR and BPRs are depicted in Figure 1, and the functional groups that correspond to the major peaks have been identified and listed in Table 3 [26,27]. As seen in Figure 1, the three large peaks of bio-oil at 3435 cm −1 , 1704 cm −1 , and 1612 cm −1 were assigned to the vibration of OH groups, C=O groups, and aromatic skeleton respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another possible reason for the larger CH 2 peaks of BPRs was the facilitate impact of bio-oil on the balance of synthetic reaction. For example, the long-chain alkanes in the opposite site of the phenol hydroxyl in guaiacol made the electron cloud density on the benzene ring migrate to the side chain, thus improving the activation of C–O–C bonds to turn into the more stable CH 2 bond [26]. These results indicated that adding bio-oil could not only toughen resin, but also improve the polymerization of resin.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and Characterization of Phenolic Foam Modified with Bio-Oil

Wang

et al. 2018

Materials

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Bio-oil was added as a substitute for phenol for the preparation of a foaming phenolic resin (PR), which aimed to reduce the brittleness and pulverization of phenolic foam (PF). The components of bio-oil, the chemical structure of bio-oil phenolic resin (BPR), and the mechanical performances, and the morphological and thermal properties of bio-oil phenolic foam (BPF) were investigated. The bio-oil contained a number of phenols and abundant substances with long-chain alkanes. The peaks of OH groups, CH2 groups, C=O groups, and aromatic skeletal vibration on the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum became wider and sharper after adding bio-oil. These suggested that the bio-oil could partially replace phenol to prepare resin and had great potential for toughening resin. When the substitute rate of bio-oil to phenol (B/P substitute rate) was between 10% and 20%, the cell sizes of BPFs were smaller and more uniform than those of PF. The compressive strength and flexural strength of BPFs with a 10–20% B/P substitute rate increased by 10.5–47.4% and 25.0–50.5% respectively, and their pulverization ratios decreased by 14.5–38.6% in comparison to PF. All BPFs maintained good flame-retardant properties, thermal stability, and thermal isolation, although the limited oxygen index (LOI) and residual masses by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis of BPFs were lower and the thermal conducticity was slightly greater than those of PF. This indicated that the bio-oil could be used as a renewable toughening agent for PF.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Phenolic Foam Modified with Bio-Oil

Wang

et al. 2018

Materials

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“…In order to further determine the chemical structure changes and compare the differences between BPF and PF films during UV weathering, the comparison of 13 C NMR spectra of resin films are shown in Figure 6, and the chemical structure change of resin films during UV weathering were displayed in Table 3 [9,11,29]. The integral of phenolic carbon at about 150 ppm was selected as normalization and its intensity was set to 1.00.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the intensity of methylene bridges (45–29 ppm) and dimethylene ether bridges (c: 75–65 ppm) both increased after adding bio-oil. This might be due to: (1) the facilitation of bio-oil to the polycondensation of resin [29]; (2) the abundance of substance with methylene and ether groups in bio-oil.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging Properties of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Modified by Bio-Oil Using UV Weathering

Chang

et al. 2018

Polymers

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The aging properties of phenol-formaldehyde resin modified by bio-oil (BPF) were analyzed using ultraviolet (UV) weathering. The variations on bonding strength of BPF were measured, and the changes on microstructure, atomic composition and chemical structure of BPF were characterized by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), respectively. With the increase of aging time, the bonding strength decreased gradually, the resin surface became rougher and the O/C radio of resin surface increased. However, the loss rate of bonding strength of BPFs was 9.6–23.0% lower than that of phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) after aging 960 h. The aging degree of BPF surfaces was smaller in comparison to PF at the same aging time. These results showed that the bio-oil had a positive effect on the anti-aging property. Analytical results revealed that with increasing the aging time, the XPS peak area of C–C/C–H decreased, while that of C=O and O–C=O increased. The intensity of methylene and ether bridges in NMR analysis decreased along with increasing the intensity of aldehydes, ketones, acids and esters. These results indicated that the aging mechanism of BPF was a process of the breakage of molecular chains and formation of oxygen-containing compounds.

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“…However, most of the applied chemicals may result in environmental pollutions. For example, the phenol-formaldehyde resin-impregnated wood has the potential to release free phenol and formaldehyde, which is harmful to humans (Yu et al 2018). Therefore, it is necessary to develop a kind of green chemical modifier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of the physical and mechanical properties of wood using a novel organo-montmorillonite/hyperbranched polyacrylate emulsion

Ling

et al. 2020

Holzforschung

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In this work, a novel waterborne hyperbranched polyacrylate (HBPA) dispersed organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) emulsion was synthesized and used for the treatment of wood in a vacuum environment in order to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of the wood. The sapwood of Cathay poplar (Populus cathayana Rehd.) and Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) were used as the samples for experimentation. The results showed that the physical and mechanical properties of the wood improved significantly due to the successful penetration of the OMMT and HBPA into the wood cell wall. From it was also observed that OMET completely exfoliated from the HBPA matrix and formed a hydrophobic film covering on the inside walls of the cell lumen. Further, it was observed that the poplar sample displayed better mechanical properties than the pine sample because the pine has a more compact structure when compared to poplar and contains rosin. Furthermore, it was also observed that the mechanical properties of the modified wood sample gradually improved with an increase in the concentration of the emulsion. However, excessive concentration (>4 wt%) did not lead to further improvement.

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Formaldehyde emission behavior of plywood with phenol-formaldehyde resin modified by bio-oil under radiant floor heating condition

Cited by 30 publications

References 31 publications

Preparation and Characterization of Phenolic Foam Modified with Bio-Oil

Preparation and Characterization of Phenolic Foam Modified with Bio-Oil

Aging Properties of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Modified by Bio-Oil Using UV Weathering

Enhancement of the physical and mechanical properties of wood using a novel organo-montmorillonite/hyperbranched polyacrylate emulsion

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