Formaldehyde Free Renewable Thermosetting Foam Based on Biomass Tannin with a Lignin Additive

Liu, Bowen; Zhou, Yunxia; Essawy, Hisham; Feng, Shengyu; Li, Xuehui; Liao, Jingjing; Zhou, Xiaojian; Zhang, Jun; Xie, Sida

doi:10.32604/jrm.2022.019848

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Figure 3 shows the pulverization ratio and tensile strength of the different starch-based foams, which reveals the extent of damage on the foam when it is cut [ 41 ]. The lower the pulverization ratio, the less likely it is to undergo damage.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is interesting to employ condensed tannins to reduce the viscosity of the starch and furfuryl alcohol resin system. Moreover, diethyl ether is the main foaming agent for preparation of tannin–furanic foams [ 41 , 42 ]; however, its high volatility and rapid foaming make the process difficult to control, especially when its high toxicity is considered. On the other hand, azodicarbonamide (AC) is also a known foaming agent [ 43 , 44 ], and its decomposition products are nontoxic, odorless, and nonpolluting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facile Synthesis of Formaldehyde-Free Bio-Based Thermoset Resins for Fabrication of Highly Efficient Foams

Liu

Zheng

et al. 2022

Polymers

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Bio-based biodegradable foams were formulated from a crosslinkable network structure combining starch, furfuryl alcohol, glyoxal, and condensed tannin in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (pTSA) and azodicarbonamide (AC) as a foaming agent. More importantly, the reinforcement of gelatinized starch–furanic foam using tannin, originating from forestry, resulted in an excellent compressive strength and lower pulverization ratio. Moreover, the addition of tannin guaranteed a low thermal conductivity and moderate flame retardancy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy approved the successful polycondensation of these condensing agents under the employed acidic conditions. Moreover, the catalytic effect of pTSA on the foaming agent induced liberation of gases, which are necessary for foam formation during crosslinking. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed foam formation comprising closed cells with uniform cell distribution and appropriate apparent density. Meanwhile, the novel foam exhibited biodegradation under the action of Penicillium sp., as identified by the damage of cell walls of this foam over a period of 30 days.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Synthesis of Formaldehyde-Free Bio-Based Thermoset Resins for Fabrication of Highly Efficient Foams

Liu

Zheng

et al. 2022

Polymers

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“…According to the formula in Table 1, the tannin powder, furfuryl alcohol, and glyoxal were added into a 250 mL beaker and stirred evenly to obtain tannin-furfuryl alcoholglyoxal (TFG) resin [16]. Then, Tween 80 as the emulsifier, guar gum as the release agent, and PVOH as the toughening agent were added and stirred with an egg beater at a low speed (50 r/min) for 10 min.…”

Section: Preparation Of Various Flexible Tannin-furan Resin-based Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, natural biomass materials have been used to substitute some petroleumbased materials to prepare bio-based materials, such as biomass adhesives [8][9][10], foams [11][12][13], plastics [14], and grinding wheels [15]. For biomass foams, condensed tannin-furfuryl alcohol co-condensation resin-based foams have been mostly studied [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Biomass Tannin-Based Flexible Foam Insoles for Athletes

Zuo¹,

Liu²,

Essawy³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The exploitation of bio-based foams implies an increase in the use of renewable biological resources to reduce the rapid consumption of petroleum-derived resources. Both tannins and furfuryl alcohol are derived from forestry resources and are therefore considered as attractive precursors for the preparation of tannin-furanic foams. In addition, toughening modification of tannin-furanic foams using polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) resulted in a more flexible network-like structure, which imparts excellent flexibility to the foams with acquirement of relative properties that are even close to those of polyurethane foams, which are the most used polymers for fabrication of insoles for athletes. In addition, the addition of PVOH did not affect the thermal insulation of the foams, resilience and elongation at break, while reducing the brittleness of the samples and improving the mechanical properties. Also the observation of the morphology of the foam indicated that the compatibility between PVOH and tannin-furanic resin is good, and the cured foam does not show fragmentation or collapse, while the bubble pore structure is uniform. The developed flexible foam derived from biomass resources endowed the foam good thermal insulation properties and high mechanical properties, and the samples exhibited suitable physical parameters to be used as flexible insoles for athletes.

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“…The determination of the apparent density for each foam sample was conducted according to the provisions of the standard GB/T 6342-2009 standard [15,16]. The size of the prepared sample was measured, and the following formula was applied for calculating the apparent density:…”

Section: Apparent Density Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Blowing Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Foams Based on Hydrolysable Tannins

Azadeh¹,

Chen²,

Pizzi³

et al. 2022

Journal of Renewable Materials

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Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) foams using a hydrolysable tannin, also vulgarly called tannic acid, namely here commercial chestnut wood tannin extract was prepared. Compression strength did not appear to depend on the foam apparent density while the formulation composition of the NIPU foams has been shown to be more determinant. These NIPU foams appeared to be self-extinguishing once the high temperature flame is removed. The ignition time gave encouraging results but for improved fire resistance the foams may need some fire-retardant addition. FTIR spectrometry showed the formation of non-isocyanate urethane linkages. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated a good thermal resistance of these foams, with thermal degradation following four phases. First in the interval 25°C-120°C range, mainly evaporation of water occurs with a maximal loss of 10% weight. In the 150°C-450°C temperature range foams mass loss is of almost 70%. In particular in the 125°C-275°C range occurs the degradation of some small molecular weight substances. In the 500°C-790°C temperature range the foams do not present any further large degradation.

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Formaldehyde Free Renewable Thermosetting Foam Based on Biomass Tannin with a Lignin Additive

Cited by 7 publications

References 29 publications

Facile Synthesis of Formaldehyde-Free Bio-Based Thermoset Resins for Fabrication of Highly Efficient Foams

Facile Synthesis of Formaldehyde-Free Bio-Based Thermoset Resins for Fabrication of Highly Efficient Foams

Preparation and Characterization of Biomass Tannin-Based Flexible Foam Insoles for Athletes

Self-Blowing Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Foams Based on Hydrolysable Tannins

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