Formaldehyde measurements in Dutch houses, schools and offices in the years 1977–1980

Wal, J.F. van der

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(82)90137-8

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Interestingly in this study bedroom levels are slightly, but not significantly, higher than kitchen and lounge room levels and of the 12 samples that exceeded the Australian guideline 9 of these were measured in bedrooms. Both Van der Weil [25] and Garrett et al [17] have reported higher formaldehyde concentrations in bedrooms. Air exchange rates of bedrooms can be lower than the rest of the home [26] and this may contribute to elevated levels in these rooms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Formaldehyde Levels and the Factors Affecting These Levels in Homes in Perth, Western Australia

Dingle

Franklin

2002

Indoor and Built Environment

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Formaldehyde is a highly irritant gas commonly encountered in indoor environments. Domestic levels of formaldehyde may vary with building practices and climate and the aim of the present study was to investigate formaldehyde levels in 185 homes in Perth, Australia. The formaldehyde was monitored using a validated passive sampling technique. Levels were measured in four rooms of each house (living room, kitchen and large and small bedrooms). In 160 homes the monitoring was repeated 4-7 months later in a different season to the original measurement. It was found that within homes there was no significant difference in formaldehyde concentrations measured in the four rooms. For the first sampling period, the geometric mean of the average household concentration (average of the four rooms) for all homes was 22.8 ppb and ranged from 3.0 to 92.3 ppb. Only the age of the house (p < 0.0001) and the season of monitoring (p < 0.0001) were significant predictors of indoor levels, higher levels in newer homes and in homes monitored in summer. Mean concentrations were lower during the follow-up monitoring, but only in houses that were less than 10 years old or in houses that were initially monitored in summer. Overall formaldehyde concentrations were low and rarely exceeded the Australian guideline level of 100 ppb. There seemed to be good inter-room mixing of formaldehyde within homes. Concentrations were significantly affected by season and age of the house.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Formaldehyde Levels and the Factors Affecting These Levels in Homes in Perth, Western Australia

Dingle

Franklin

2002

Indoor and Built Environment

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“…Since individuals stay for at least 8 hours in the bedrooms, exposition time is conditioned by this fact. 16 The remark that specific sensitivity of each individual can be mainly observed in skin alteration may also be pointed out. Also the psychological factor can increase or diminish the symptomatology.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Formaldehyde as an indoor pollutant†

Merchán

Serna

1986

Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry

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Formaldehyde has been known for many years as an indoor air pollutant coming from different pieces of furniture and panels in the rooms.A study of the concentrations of formaldehyde in the air of sixty selected structures panelled with urea-formaldehyde resins was carried out in Spain. Air samples were collected in impingers and analyzed by 3-Methyl-2 Benzothiazolone-hydrazonehydrochloride tests (M.B.T.H.) during the year 1984.The average concentration of formaldehyde was 552 μg/m 3 with a range of 41-2823 mg/m 3 . Thirty-nine homes were found to have concentrations exceeding the average value. These concentrations are higher than allowed indoor exposure standard.Health information was received by direct contact from individuals. Eye irritation, dry or sore throat, mucous membrane irritation, burning eyes, sneeze, runny nose, rash, cough, conjunctivitis, difficult breathing, pharyngytis, bronchitis, headache, weakness, vomiting, nausea, photophobia ... were the most frequent symptoms reported by the occupants.A complementary study was carried out using information on type of structure, age and heating systems of the building. Statistically significant relationship was observed between formaldehyde concentration and health data and between formaldehyde levels and installation age of panels in the structures.

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“…Ventilation with outside air can reduce the concentration of formaldehyde in residences via dilution and removal. Quantitative studies have demonstrated how formaldehyde concentrations decrease as air change rates increase cross-sectionally for populations of homes [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Based on formaldehyde emission factors, one study estimated that an air change rate (ACH) of 0.5 h −1 would maintain formaldehyde concentrations below 50 ppb in typical new North American houses [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Time-Varying Model for Predicting Formaldehyde Emission Rates in Homes

Zhao

Walker

Sohn

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Recent studies have succeeded in relating emissions of various volatile organic compounds to material mass diffusion transfer using detailed empirical characteristics of each of the individual emitting materials. While significant, the resulting models are often scenario specific and/or require a host of individual component parameters to estimate emission rates. This study developed an approach to estimate aggregated emissions rates based on a wide number of field measurements. We used a multi-parameter regression model based on previous mass transfer models to predict formaldehyde emission rate for a whole dwelling using field-measured, time-resolved formaldehyde concentrations, air exchange rates, and indoor environmental parameters in 63 California single-family houses built between 2011 and 2017. The resulting model provides time-varying formaldehyde emission rates, normalized by floor area, for each study home, assuming a well-mixed mass balance transport model of the home, and a well-mixed layer transport model of indoor surfaces. The surface layer model asserts an equilibrium concentration within the surface layer of the emitted materials that is a function of temperature and RH; the dwelling ventilation rate serves as a surrogate for indoor concentration. We also developed a more generic emission model that is suitable for broad prediction of emission for a population of buildings. This model is also based on measurements aggregated from 27 homes from the same study. We showed that errors in predicting household formaldehyde concentrations using this approach were substantially less than those using a traditional constant emission rate model, despite requiring less unique building information.

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Formaldehyde measurements in Dutch houses, schools and offices in the years 1977–1980

Cited by 15 publications

References 1 publication

Formaldehyde Levels and the Factors Affecting These Levels in Homes in Perth, Western Australia

Formaldehyde Levels and the Factors Affecting These Levels in Homes in Perth, Western Australia

Formaldehyde as an indoor pollutant†

A Time-Varying Model for Predicting Formaldehyde Emission Rates in Homes

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