Formant Frequencies of Adult Speakers of Australian English and Effects of Sex, Age, Geographical Location, and Vowel Quality

Reverberation and background noise are common and unavoidable real-world phenomena that hinder automatic speaker recognition systems, particularly because these systems are typically trained on noise-free data. Most models rely on fixed audio feature sets. To evaluate the dependency of features on reverberation and noise, this study proposes augmenting the commonly used mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) with relative spectral (RASTA) features. The performance of these features was assessed using noisy data generated by applying reverberation and pink noise to the DEMoS dataset, which includes 56 speakers. Verification models were trained on clean data using MFCCs, RASTA features, or their combination as inputs. They validated on augmented data with progressively increasing noise and reverberation levels. The results indicate that MFCCs struggle to identify the main speaker, while the RASTA method has difficulty with the opposite class. The hybrid feature set, derived from their combination, demonstrates the best overall performance as a compromise between the two. Although the MFCC method is the standard and performs well on clean training data, it shows a significant tendency to misclassify the main speaker in real-world scenarios, which is a critical limitation for modern user-centric verification applications. The hybrid feature set, therefore, proves effective as a balanced solution, optimizing both sensitivity and specificity.

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Formant Frequencies of Adult Speakers of Australian English and Effects of Sex, Age, Geographical Location, and Vowel Quality

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

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Gender-Affirming Voice Training for Trans Women: Acoustic Outcomes and Their Associations With Listener Perceptions Related to Gender

An acoustic study on age-related changes in vowel production of Chinese

Reverb and Noise as Real-World Effects in Speech Recognition Models: A Study and a Proposal of a Feature Set

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