Formant Frequencies of Malay Vowels Produced by Malay Children Aged Between 7 and 12 Years

Frequency Measurement of Vowel Formants Produced by Brazilian Children Aged Between 4 and 8 Years

“…This formant reduction has also been reported by other authors. 1,2,5,7,13 Concerning gender, there were 13 significative differences within the 21 studied parameters, which amounts to a total of 61.90% (Table 10). There were differences between genders in frequencies of F 2 and F 3 in five out of seven analyzed vowels: F 2 in vowels /a/, /ε/, /e/, /i/, and /ɔ/ and F 3 in vowels /ε/, /e/, /i/, /ɔ/, and /o/.…”

“…Still comparing genders, Malayan researchers 13 have observed that girls normally present higher formant frequencies than boys. However, there were no significant gender differences in most vowels in all age groups (7-12 years), except for frequency F 1 in age range 7 years; F 4 in age range 10 years; and F 1 , F 2 , and F 3 in the age range 12 years.…”

“…1 Most of the studies using acoustic analysis have focused on adults, but many investigations in children's voice have gained momentum in the literature. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Similarly to other countries, when assessing children's voice, Brazilian investigators follow the trend to assess laryngeal parameters. [14][15][16][17] Supralaryngeal parameters, such as formant frequencies, are presented by few authors.…”

Formant Characteristics of Malay Vowels of Perlis, Kelantan and Terengganu

“…Various studies on the acoustic properties of the Malay language vowels have been conducted in the last decade. The studies by Zourmand, Mirhassani, Ting, Bux, Ng, Bilgen, andJalaludin (2014), Ting, Zourmand, Chia, Yong, andAbdul Hamid (2012a), Ting, Chia, Manap, Ho, Tiu, and Abdul Hamid (2012b), Ting, Chia, Kim, Sim, andAbdul Hamid (2011a), andMukari, (2011b) investigated six standard Malay vowels, /a/, /e/, /ə/, /i/, /o/ and /u/ acquired from Malaysian Malay or/and Chinese speakers. Ting et al (2011a) explored the use of the vocal's fundamental frequency in the speech production of the six Malay vowels from Malaysian Chinese young adults.…”

“…However, a comparison study on multiethnic speakers showed that F 0 varies between Malaysian Malay and the other ethnic groups. The following year, Ting et al (2012a) explored the use of four formant frequencies to identify the acoustical differences of the speech production across age groups and gender. By analyzing six sustained vowels from Malay children aged between 7 and 12 years old, the results showed that the formant frequencies of the females are generally higher than the males.…”