Formation and determination of organohalogen by-products in water – Part I. Discussing the parameters influencing the formation of organohalogen by-products and the relevance of estimating their concentration using the AOX (adsorbable organic halide) method

A sensitive and specific solid-phase extraction–gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of 11 haloacetic acids in aqueous samples

“…In terms of mean relative recoveries, Oasis-HLB, Bakerbond SDB, LiChrolut EN, and Bakerbond Carbon phases provide comparable results with relative recovery yields ranging from 32 to 100% depending on the HAA and cartridge considered. This work being part of a larger study devoted to the determination of the AOX (adsorbable organohalogen compounds) parameter, 2 the Bakerbond SDB phase has been retained as it provides the best results for several classes of halogenated disinfection by-products. 26 In The breakthrough volume, defined as the maximum water sample volume that can be percolated on the SPE cartridge without analyte losses, was evaluated for Bakerbond SDB cartridges.…”

“…1 They are primarily formed as a result of disinfection treatments using halogen-based biocides, such as chlorine (Cl 2 /HOCl/OCl - ), chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ), ozone in presence of bromide (O 3 /Br − ), and monochloramine (NH 2 Cl). 2 With trihalomethanes, HAAs constitute the largest group of OXBPs by weight in drinking water. 3 The formation mechanism of HAAs is well understood and their concentration levels in drinking water are regulated in various countries.…”

“…21 Due to their potential adverse effects on human health, the World Health Organization has proposed guideline values for MCAA, dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), and TCAA. 2 In the US, HAAs are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which has established a maximum contaminant level for the total concentrations of MCAA, monobromoacetic acid (MBAA), DCAA, dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), and TCAA in drinking water. 2 A guideline value for these same five HAA species also exists in Canada.…”

“…2 In the US, HAAs are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which has established a maximum contaminant level for the total concentrations of MCAA, monobromoacetic acid (MBAA), DCAA, dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), and TCAA in drinking water. 2 A guideline value for these same five HAA species also exists in Canada. However, to date, no regulation has been promulgated in the European Union (EU) to control the level of HAA concentrations in drinking water.…”

Influence of storage time of pulp and paper industry wastewaters in AOX determination

“…ISO 9562:2004 is an international standard that describes the analytic method for AOX quantification in liquid matrices, which comprises i) adsorption of organic compounds onto activated carbon, ii) organic halides displacement, iii) combustion of activated carbon in oxygen stream and iv) hydrogen halides absorption in an acceptor solution followed by microcoulometry [6]. Sample handling, preservation and storage are critical points in AOX determination to retard chemical and biological reactions, which unavoidably evolved after sampling from source [7]. In fact, sample preservation for AOX determinations depend upon three aspects: i) pH adjustment, ii) microbial inhibition and iii) suppress residual oxidant activity.…”