Formation and stability of alkylated pyrimidines and purines (including imidazole ring-opened 7-alkylguanine) and alkylphosphotriesters in liver DNA of adult rats treated with ethylnitrosourea or dimethylnitrosamine

Abstract

Adult rats received a single injection of the carcinogens N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) or N,N-dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and were killed after various time intervals (up to 56 days). Liver DNA was analysed by h.p.l.c. for alkylated purines [3-alkyladenine (3-alkylAde), 7-alkylAde, 3-alkylguanine (3-alkylGua), O6-alkylGua, 7-alkylGua, imidazole ring-opened (ro) 7-alkylGua] and alkylated pyrimidines [O2-alkylcytosine (O2-alkylCyt), 3-alkylCyt, O2-alkylthymine (O2-alkylThy), 3-alkylThy, O4-alkylThy]. Alkylphosphotriesters were assayed by both h.p.l.c. [alkylphosphotriester of thymidyl(3'-5')thymidine, (dTp(alkyl)dT)] and alkaline sucrose sedimentation (total phosphotriesters). No significant amounts of 3-alkylCyt and ro 7-alkylGua were observed, but the presence of all other products could be established 2 h after DMN or ENU. At that moment the relative amounts of some products (O2-alkylCyt, O2-alkylThy, O4-alkylThy, O6-alkylGua), when compared with 7-alkylGua, were smaller than those observed after in vitro alkylation of isolated DNA. This suggests either a lower accessibility of some sites in DNA in situ, or (as known already for O6-alkylGua) the presence of rapidly exhausted, fast repair modes for these adducts. The in vivo stability of ethylated products was (much) higher than that of the homologous methylated products. In the case of O-alkylated thymidines this difference was impressive: apparent half-life values of 17 days for O2-ethylthymine (O2-EtThy) and 14 days for O4-EtThy were calculated, whereas the corresponding values for O2-methylthymine (O2-MeThy) and O4-MeThy were 12 h and less than 4 h, respectively. Substantial, although smaller differences were also found for O2-alkylCyt (86 versus less than 4 h), 3-alkylGua (104 versus 17 h) and dTp(alkyl)dT (32 versus 7 days), whereas the rates of removal of 7-EtGua and 7-MeGua differed by 2.5-5 times (depending on the period compared). At 56 days after ENU the two major lesions were the ethylphosphotriester and O2-EtThy, whereas only traces of 7-EtGua were observed. Parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells of some DMN-treated rats were separated before DNA isolation. It was found that the extents of DNA alkylation at 6 h after DMN administration were almost identical, indicating that DMN activation is the same for both cell types. The results are discussed in relation to the carcinogenic effects of methylating and ethylating agents.

Mutagenesis, genotoxicity, and repair of 1-methyladenine, 3-alkylcytosines, 1-methylguanine, and 3-methylthymine inalkB Escherichia coli

“…The m1A, m3C, and e3C lesions in the present study are preferentially formed by alkylating agents in single-stranded DNA and have been detected in vitro (5,6,(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) and in vivo (12,17,(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). Although less prevalent, m1G lesions have also been found in vitro (16) and in vivo (19), and m3T in vitro (12,13,16,18,25) and in vivo (12,25).…”

Methyl DNA Phosphate Adduct Formation in Rats Treated Chronically with 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and Enantiomers of Its Metabolite 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol

“…15−24 The first identified methyl phosphate adduct, thymidylyl(3′-5′)thymidine methyl phosphotriester (TpMeT), was detected in rat liver DNA treated in vitro with the carcinogen N -methyl- N -nitrosourea (MNU). 16 Two other methyl phosphate adducts, TpMeA and TpMeC, together with TpMeT were detected in salmon sperm DNA treated with MNU or dimethyl sulfate (DMS).…”

Repair of O4-Alkylthymine by O6-Alkylguanine-DNA Alkyltransferases

“…The alternative possibility that m 4 T is repaired well by some other process seems unlikely, because m 4 T is highly persistent in mammalian DNA after exposure to nitrosamines and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (25,65,66). Another explanation might be that the changes allowing m 4 T repair render the hAGT protein less able to repair bulky adducts, such as benzyl or pyridyloxobutyl, and that these adducts have greater environmental significance.…”