Formation de chloropicrine en milieu aqueux: Influence des nitrites sur la formation de precurseurs par oxydation de composes organiques

Precursors of nitrogenous disinfection by-products in drinking water––A critical review and analysis

“…Where available, the yields of N-DBPs from specific algae species cultured under laboratory conditions were also collated ( [51][52][53] Table 4). Data about N-DBP formation as measured by disinfecting model compounds using FP protocols was also collected and converted into molar conversion yields ( [12,14,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], Table 2). These yields were then used to estimate the levels of N-DBPs that are formed on the basis of precursor concentrations in environmental samples (from WTWs, WWTWs or surface waters) ( [5,25,30,31,37,41,46,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62], Table 5).…”

“…These tests are designed to maximise DBP formation and so use an excess of disinfectant, and they typically consider a range of contact times (1 h-10 days, [12,14,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], Table 3) and, to a lesser degree, temperatures (normally 20-25 • C, [12,14,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], Table 3). Hence using conversion yields from laboratory FP tests will often overestimate DBPs relative to the same precursors exposed to lower disinfectant concentrations, disinfectant contact times, and temperatures, as in actual WTWs.…”

Determination of halonitromethanes and haloacetamides: An evaluation of sample preservation and analyte stability in drinking water

“…Furthermore, TCNM increased in the unpreserved chlorinated tap water after day 4, suggesting there was additional formation of TCNM in the water in the presence of free chlorine. TCNM is formed during chlorination [21,22], but there is little information in the literature to determine whether significant levels of HNMs are expected to form at the free chlorine concentration added in our experiments.…”

Effect of Metal Ions on the Formation of Trichloronitromethane during Chlorination of Catechol and Nitrite

“…Halonitromethanes (HNMs) can also form when nitrite is present during the chlorination of catechol (Thibaud et al, 1987), with nitrite acting as the source of nitrogen within HNM molecules (Hu et al, 2010). Due to the discharge of agricultural, industrial, and urban wastewater, nitrite contamination in source water is also ubiquitous.…”

“…Therefore, because both catechol and nitrite are ubiquitously present in the aquatic environment, it is important to elucidate the potential factors influencing the contribution of nitrite to HNM formation during the chlorination of catechol. Kuhn and Olah (1961) demonstrated that Lewis acids (AlCl 3 , FeCl 3 , and TiCl 4 ) activated reactions such as nitration and halogenation, which are involved in the formation of HNMs during the chlorination of catechol and nitrite (Shah and Mitch, 2012;Thibaud et al, 1987;). Therefore, it can be inferred that the presence of Al 3+ , Fe 3+ , and Ti 4+ may stimulate the formation of HNMs during the chlorination of catechol in the presence of nitrite.…”