Biomineralization is a biochemical process forming biominerals under mild conditions. Although many studies have explored nucleation to crystal growth mechanisms of bioinorganic matter, no universal principle has been established. Herein, four topics related to biomineralization are described: (1) molecular, structural, and functional designs of peptide-based templates for mineralization; (2) structural control mechanisms for inorganic matters; (3) functional modification of organic-inorganic hybrid materials; (4) functional hydrogel fabrication by applying the structural control mechanism inspired by mineralization. The described studies provide significant breakthroughs for improving the functions of organic-inorganic hybrid materials utilizing mineralization-inspired environmentally friendly processes and for the fabrication of functional organic polymer-based materials by mineralization-inspired structural control techniques.