Formation mechanism of nanostructures in soda–lime glass using femtosecond laser

From random inhomogeneities to periodic nanostructures induced in bulk silica by ultrashort laser

“…Note that different number of rate equations (5) due to high number of pulses. Moreover, we underline the crucial role of laser-induced inhomogeneities in nanograting self-organization and the possibility of regulating the period of the nanostructures changing the inhomogeneity concentration as it has been recently evidenced experimentally either by doping fused silica [15,59] or by varying the applied number of pulses [10,13,19,107].…”

“…The nanoplanes are spaced by half of the wavelength in the medium independently of pulse energy [2,8,11]. The period was shown to decrease continuously with the number of the applied pulses [1,8,10,13,18,19]. It was also demonstrated that the periodicity could be controlled by changing the temporal pulse envelope [6].…”

“…A multiple irradiation of bulk fused silica by ultrashort laser pulses is known to induce volume nanogratings (VNGs) in fused silica [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] and a few other materials [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. First observed in 2003 by using a fixed focused femtosecond laser beam [1], these nanoplanes are found to be oriented perpendicular to the laser polarization.…”

“…Several hypotheses were proposed to explain the organization of periodic structures as an interference between the incident wave and electron plasma waves [1,13], an interplay between nanoplasmonic and incubation effects [2,4,29,30], self-trapping of excitons [31,32], standing wave [33], ionization scattering instabilities [34][35][36], second harmonic generation [37], Boson condensation [38], Coulomb explosion [39], excitation of surface plasmon polaritons [40,41], and a spacecharge built from ponderomotive force [42]. The first model for nanograting formation was proposed by Shimotsuma et al [1] based on the interference of the laser field with the laserinduced plasma waves.…”

Formation mechanism of self-organized nano-ripples on quartz surface using femtosecond laser pulses

“…Since the advent of the first functional femtosecond laser, it has been proven to be a promising and reliable tool for micro/nano-machining of materials for diverse applications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The evolution of femtosecond laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) have been reported on a variety of materials including glasses [10][11][12][13], indium tin oxide (ITO) [14], indium phosphide (InP) [15], and metals [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24].…”