Formation Mechanism of Pentagonal Defects and Bamboo-Like Structures in Carbon Nanotube Growth Mediated by Surface Diffusion

Louchev, Oleg A.

doi:10.1002/1521-396x(200210)193:3<585::aid-pssa585>3.0.co;2-y

phys. stat. sol. (a)

2002

DOI: 10.1002/1521-396x(200210)193:3<585::aid-pssa585>3.0.co;2-y

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Formation Mechanism of Pentagonal Defects and Bamboo-Like Structures in Carbon Nanotube Growth Mediated by Surface Diffusion

Oleg A. Louchev

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Cited by 29 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Our in situ observation has shown conclusively the validity of this growth model. Our result is also consistent with the model of nanotube growth mediated by surface diffusion 21. We conclude that individual atomic steps were produced either by the coalescence of adatoms or by the migration of Frank dislocations to the surface of the nanotubes.…”

supporting

confidence: 90%

“…The layer‐by‐layer self‐templated growth of nanotube walls is in excellent agreement with the growth model initially proposed by Iijima et al 16. and later on by others 19–21. Based on the observation of the presence of incomplete nanotube layers on the nanotube surface, Iijima et al.…”

supporting

confidence: 85%

“…The activation energy of the surface diffusion is 0.13 eV, which is very low 21. Theoretical calculation showed that the surface diffusion length λ SD for carbon adatoms varied from 3 to 0.03 μm in the temperature range from 1000 to 2000 K, meaning that the adatoms could travel a long distance along the nanotube surface to reach the edge of the atomic steps 21. The migration velocity (measured from our in situ experiments) of the atomic steps was generally in the range of 1≈4 nm min −1 , which is very close to the migration velocity of Frank dislocations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Due to surface diffusion, the adatoms were able to coagulate and form atomic steps, which then grew by further accretion of adatoms on their edges until a complete wall was formed. The activation energy of the surface diffusion is 0.13 eV, which is very low 21. Theoretical calculation showed that the surface diffusion length λ SD for carbon adatoms varied from 3 to 0.03 μm in the temperature range from 1000 to 2000 K, meaning that the adatoms could travel a long distance along the nanotube surface to reach the edge of the atomic steps 21.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The carbon source for the self‐templated growth was the carbon residue on the nanotube surface. The nucleation and growth of the nanotube walls was attributed to surface and interstitial/vacancy diffusion 21. The carbon atoms (mostly adatoms) on the nanotube surface were very active and diffused along the nanotube surface.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self‐Templated Growth of Carbon‐Nanotube Walls at High Temperatures

Huang

Ding

Jiang

et al. 2007

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A noncatalytic layer‐by‐layer self‐templated growth mechanism of carbon nanotube (CNTs) walls is presented. Growth occurs on both the inner and outer surfaces of the NTs. In both cases, the NT walls grow at the expense of disordered carbon or adatoms produced by electric breakdown (see image). The self‐templated growth results in thickening of the NT walls, reduction, or even disappearance of the NT hollow, and improvement of conductance. High‐temperature annealing improves the structure and electronic properties of CNTs.

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supporting

confidence: 90%

supporting

confidence: 85%

mentioning

confidence: 95%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self‐Templated Growth of Carbon‐Nanotube Walls at High Temperatures

Huang

Ding

Jiang

et al. 2007

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Carbon Nanotubes on Carbon Nanofibers: A Novel Structure Based on Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers

Hou

Reneker²

2004

Advanced Materials

277

151

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Electrospun nanofibers of polyacrylonitrile, containing an iron compound, have been converted to carbon nanofibers, with iron particles on their surfaces. The iron particles catalyze the growth of carbon nanotubes with iron tips (see Figure). A mechanically strong and electrically conducting path exists between each metal particle and the supporting nanofiber network, which extends to macroscopic dimensions.

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Near‐Quantitative Solid‐State Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes from Homogeneous Diphenylethynecobalt and –Nickel Complexes

2003

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have generated a tremendous amount of research interest because of their unique structural, electronic, magnetic, and mechanical properties. [1] Among the various synthetic methods employed for their preparation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has emerged to be most effective, and efforts are increasing in applying this technique to pre-growth device fabrication by utilizing (in particular lithographically) [2] patterned catalyst arrays and in situ tube assembly. [2,3] Crucial in this endeavor is the sitespecific batch production of ordered carbon with control of stoichiometry and ultimately morphology. One possible approach to achieving this would be the efficient thermal conversion of a defined, soluble, molecular organometallic precursor composed of both the carbon source and the metal catalyst, placed locospecifically by wetting and drying. Such a strategy would combine the advantages of the floating organometallic catalyst (for example, ferrocene, [Fe(CO) 5 ], etc.) CVD methodology [1d, 4] with a solid-state conversion of carbon precursors. Reports of the latter reveal some serious shortcomings with respect to yield and/or degree of graphitization, extremity of conditions, need for specialized equipment, the requirement of co-reagents, and simplicity of starting materials. [1d, 5] We have described the solid-state thermolysis of a [Co 2 (CO) 6 ]-complexed tetrabenzodehydro [20]annulene and some of its substructures to form ordered carbon material, but this method shared some of these drawbacks, in as much as the highest yields were only about 60 %. The desired product consisted of an (at best) approximately equal mixture of multiwalled tubes (MWNTs)

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Formation Mechanism of Pentagonal Defects and Bamboo-Like Structures in Carbon Nanotube Growth Mediated by Surface Diffusion

Cited by 29 publications

References 60 publications

Self‐Templated Growth of Carbon‐Nanotube Walls at High Temperatures

Self‐Templated Growth of Carbon‐Nanotube Walls at High Temperatures

Carbon Nanotubes on Carbon Nanofibers: A Novel Structure Based on Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers

Near‐Quantitative Solid‐State Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes from Homogeneous Diphenylethynecobalt and –Nickel Complexes

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