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The study presents the results of studying the nature of the distribution and establishing general reference values for individual consumer characteristics of white beet sugar in four categories: extra, TC1, TC2, TC3. The selections included samples of white sugar produced in the period from 2016 to 2022 by 58 beet sugar factories in Russia. The consumer characteristics considered were color in the solution, turbidity of the solution, ash and calcium content from the standpoint of the requirements of manufacturers of confectionery products and shelf-stable drinks. The following consumer characteristics were considered: color in the solution, turbidity of the solution, ash and calcium content from the standpoint of the requirements of manufacturers of confectionery products and long-life beverages. Monitoring data of these characteristics were processed using mathematical statistics methods. Visual analysis of the distribution graphs of monitoring data showed the proximity of the absolute values of empirical and theoretical frequencies characterizing the degree of manifestation of the normal law. The result of testing the null hypothesis of compliance with the normal distribution based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test gave a positive result for all consumer characteristics in the four sugar categories, with the exception of calcium content in white sugar of TC2 category. Reference intervals for the considered consumer characteristics of white sugar have been established. A relative increase in their values in the context of sugar categories in relation to sugar of a higher previous category was revealed. The highest growth was noted for sugar of TC3 category in relation to sugar of TC2 category – from 159 to 207%; for sugar of TC2 category in relation to sugar of TC1 category, the increase ranges from 143 to 228%; the growth for sugar of TC1 category relative to the extra category is about 140%. A comparison of reference values with threshold levels of consumer characteristics in the production of confectionery products and long-life beverages was carried out. It has been shown that sugar in the extra and TC1 categories generally satisfies the requirements; individual batches of TC2 category sugar can be used in the production of confectionery products, with the exception of caramel; TC3 category sugar is technologically inadequate for these industrial consumers.
The study presents the results of studying the nature of the distribution and establishing general reference values for individual consumer characteristics of white beet sugar in four categories: extra, TC1, TC2, TC3. The selections included samples of white sugar produced in the period from 2016 to 2022 by 58 beet sugar factories in Russia. The consumer characteristics considered were color in the solution, turbidity of the solution, ash and calcium content from the standpoint of the requirements of manufacturers of confectionery products and shelf-stable drinks. The following consumer characteristics were considered: color in the solution, turbidity of the solution, ash and calcium content from the standpoint of the requirements of manufacturers of confectionery products and long-life beverages. Monitoring data of these characteristics were processed using mathematical statistics methods. Visual analysis of the distribution graphs of monitoring data showed the proximity of the absolute values of empirical and theoretical frequencies characterizing the degree of manifestation of the normal law. The result of testing the null hypothesis of compliance with the normal distribution based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test gave a positive result for all consumer characteristics in the four sugar categories, with the exception of calcium content in white sugar of TC2 category. Reference intervals for the considered consumer characteristics of white sugar have been established. A relative increase in their values in the context of sugar categories in relation to sugar of a higher previous category was revealed. The highest growth was noted for sugar of TC3 category in relation to sugar of TC2 category – from 159 to 207%; for sugar of TC2 category in relation to sugar of TC1 category, the increase ranges from 143 to 228%; the growth for sugar of TC1 category relative to the extra category is about 140%. A comparison of reference values with threshold levels of consumer characteristics in the production of confectionery products and long-life beverages was carried out. It has been shown that sugar in the extra and TC1 categories generally satisfies the requirements; individual batches of TC2 category sugar can be used in the production of confectionery products, with the exception of caramel; TC3 category sugar is technologically inadequate for these industrial consumers.
Beet sugar production in Russia annually gives about 6 million tons of white sugar and 1.5 million tons of beet molasses, which must have technological adequacy, when used as raw materials. The purpose of the work was to substantiate the concept of technological adequacy of beet sugar production, its indicator markers and their threshold values, to assess the actual technological adequacy of white sugar and molasses, to verify the hypothesis about the relationship between individual indicators of white sugar and empirical knowledge about an increase in the content of micronutrients with a decrease in the category. The objects of the study were terminology related to the characteristics of food products and raw materials in terms of consumer expectations and indicators of their assessment. Technological adequacy was evaluated for 230 samples of white sugar and 134 samples of beet molasses. Indicator markers were determined according to standardized and known methods. Technological adequacy of white sugar and beet molasses is the compliance of their specific functional properties with the requirements of the production of a particular food product, in which they are raw ingredients. A measure of compliance is indicator markers in the form of physicochemical parameters of the composition. Indicators of white sugar for three food technologies and indicators of beet molasses for two technologies and storage were substantiated; their technological adequacy was assessed. Empirical knowledge about an increase in the content of micronutrients with a decrease in the category and the hypothesis about the relationship between individual indicators of white sugar were confirmed. It is shown that all white sugar of extra and TC1 categories has technological adequacy for the use in food production, while only 62% of TC2 sugar and some batches of beet molasses have the necessary technological suitability. The results obtained will be a tool for regulating the production of competitive products and developing a control scheme for the technological flow of sugar production.
Confectionery products with the foamy structure such as pastila and zefir (Russian marshmallow-like confectioneries) are in demand among various consumer groups. The expansion of the range and sales markets requires ensuring quality of such products during their transportation, storage, as well as increasing their shelf life. The patterns of change in quality indicators allow establishing additional requirements for them to improve storability of such products. Moisture transfer processes are predominant during storage of confectionery products with the foamy structure and define their hardening or moistening. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the influence of various factors on quality indicators during storage of zefir. Studies have been carried out to determine the influence of various structure-forming agents, such as agar, pectin, gelatin, on the direction and rate of moisture transfer processes during storage of zefir samples. The possibility of using the method of infrared spectroscopy for assessing quality of structure-forming agents during incoming inspection is shown. The mass fraction of moisture in zefir made using agar decreased by 3.5% after 10 weeks of storage at a temperature of 18°C. During this period, the mass fraction of moisture in zefir made using pectin as a structure-forming agent decreased by 2.5%, while in zefir prepared on the basis of gelatin, the mass fraction of moisture decreased only by 1.2%. Thus, the addition of gelatin makes it possible to reduce the rate of moisture transfer by approximately 2–3 times. The low moisture transfer rate of zefir is due to the water-holding properties of the protein structure of gelatin. Diffusion coefficients were calculated to predict the rate of moisture transfer processes in zefir samples made using various structure-forming agents and stored at different temperatures. The lowest diffusion coefficient was determined in zefir made with the addition of pectin, while the highest diffusion coefficient was in the sample based on gelatin. However, zefir made from gelatin had the lowest actual moisture transfer rate, since the gradient of the water activity was minimal (7.6%). With an increase in the storage temperature of zefir made with the addition of various structure-forming agents from 18°C to 28°C, the rate of moisture transfer increased. In zefir produced on the basis of agar, this indicator increased by 2.7 times, in the sample from pectin by 3.0 times; in zefir based on gelatin by only 1.5 times. The results obtained make it possible to predict the risks of changes in zefir quality during storage.
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