Formation of an embedded electrical circuit in glass substrate by solid-state ion exchange with application of a forward/reverse voltage

Atomistic Understanding of Ion Exchange Strengthening of Boroaluminosilicate Glasses: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations and QSPR Analysis

“…V APF where V cell is the cell volume, R x is Shannon's radii of ion x (x = Na, Ca, Al, B [4] , B [3] , Si, and Zr), and n x is the number of x ions in the glass. Comparing Figure 15a,b, the APFs of non-IOX ISG and NQ series glass are similar; however, the APF of NQ series glass increases slightly more significantly than the APF of ISG series glass with the increasing IOX concentration.…”

“…where N atoms is the total number of atoms, N cations is the total number of cations, n x is the number of cation x (x = Na, Ca, Al, B [4] , B [3] , Si, and Zr), CN xo is the average coordination number (CN) of "cation x−oxygen pair", SBS xo is the single bond strength obtained from the study by Sun, 43 and lastly, m x is the multiplicative factor for each cation−oxygen pair. It is worth noting that the earlier QSPR analysis used the bond strength of a diatomic molecule or cation, but our studies showed that the single bond strength proposed by Sun and used for classification of glass formers and modifiers can provide a consistent trend in wide ranges of glass compositions and various properties.…”

“…The ion exchange (IOX) process, or chemical strengthening, has been widely used in the glass industry and advanced technologies to enhance the strength and toughness of glass products ever since its first development in early 1960s . Unlike conventional thermal strengthening, IOX can be applied to ultra-thin glass products and has high dimensional tolerance, thus leading to numerous applications ranging from touch screens in consumer electronics, aerospace and high-speed train windshields, ophthalmic glass, and substrates of hard drives for information storage and electronic circuits. − IOX, also known as IOX stuffing, chemical tempering, or chemical strengthening, is a surface modification technique that involves thermally activated interdiffusion of alkali ions between the glass and the molten salt bath. Larger cations (such as K + ) from the molten salt diffuse into the surface layer of the glass, exchanging with smaller cations (such as Na + ) from that glass that diffuse out to the molten salt, creating a compressive surface layer that improves the mechanical strength of the glass product.…”

Solid‐State Field‐Assisted Ion Exchange (Ag → Na) in Soda–Lime Float Glass: Tin Versus Air Side

“…An attractive alternative is the use of solid-state fieldassisted ion exchange (SS_FAIE), also known as dry field-assisted ion exchange. Here, the molten Ag salt bath is substituted by a metallic Ag electrode; [20][21][22][23] Ag is connected to the positive terminal of a DC power source and substitutes the alkali ions moving into the glass toward the cathode.…”

“…Said technique typically inserts Ag þ ions [20,24] in the glass structure; however, Ag þ can be quite easily converted into metallic Ag colloids by annealing the ion-exchanged component in reducing conditions or even in air. [18,[25][26][27][28][29][30] Some researchers reported that the as-exchanged glass can already contain metallic silver in sub-nanoclusters [16] or even nanoclusters [31,32] without postannealing.…”