Formation of austenite in Fe-10Cr-0.2C alloy

A study on martensitic phase transformation in 9Cr–1W–0.23V–0.063Ta–0.56Mn–0.09C–0.02N (wt.%) reduced activation steel using differential scanning calorimetry

“…Thus, we may infer from Fig. 9 that the process of isothermal austenitisation involves certain well defied time dependent microstructural changes, such as carbide dissolution [92,93], which as the present experimental results suggest, is progressive in nature. Depending on the homogeneity of the starting microstructure at sub-micron level, the carbide dissolution process gets initiated at different time intervals.…”

Relationship between processing parameters, alloy atom diffusion distance and surface hardness in laser hardening of tool steel

“…Traverse rate 1.1 mm s −1 , peak temperature 1682 K. stable than iron carbides and therefore require a higher surface temperature in order to achieve required dissolution for hardening. It is assumed that the dissolution rate of chromium carbides is dependent on the diffusion rate of chromium atoms [6,7]. The diffusivity of chromium atoms is slow compared to the diffusivity of carbon atoms.…”

“…In such a case, the properties of the formed austenite depend mainly on the extent of carbide dissolution during austenitization. It has been presented that in the case of alloy carbides, the dissolution rate is determined by the diffusivity of the metallic alloy elements [6,7]. Therefore, the austenitization temperature has a pronounced effect on dissolution due to the temperature dependence of diffusion of carbide forming alloying elements [8].…”

Measurement of transformation temperatures and specific heat capacity of tungsten added reduced activation ferritic–martensitic steel

“…The starting microstructure is derived from the normalization treatment at 1253 K. Ac 3 point -the upper critical temperature. It was earlier observed in high chromium steels, that upon reaching Ac 3 , practically very little dissolution of M23C6 is realized [38], although the Thermo Calc Ò based equilibrium simulations suggest a quite a bit of dissolution (5%) by the time Ac 3 is reached [36,37]. This difference is due to the sluggish nature of the dissolution of highly cohesive alloy carbides in highly alloyed ferritic steels, as it involves the transport of substitutional atoms over fairly large distances [38].…”