Formation of Brown Lines in Paper: Characterization of Cellulose Degradation at the Wet−Dry Interface

Souguir, Zied; Dupont, Anne-Laurence; Rie, E. René de la

doi:10.1021/bm8006067

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This result implies that some material in the tideline favored the degradation of the other samples during the accelerated aging exposure. This, again, is consistent with the previous findings indicating the presence of larger concentrations of small organic acids and hydroperoxides in the tideline than in the other areas (Souguir et al 2008). Some of these low molar mass species are either volatile or can migrate by contact so as to affect the degradation of neighboring paper samples in the vial.…”

Section: Aging Types B and Csupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Even considering that pre-existing naturally aged products in bTL as well as residual extraneous material other than cellulose in paper can contribute to the brown and fluorescent material present at the tideline, the large amount of TL water extractible material suggests that it originates from compounds formed during the experiment, at or below the wet/dry interface. The relatively large quantities of formic acid and acetic acid that form at the wet/dry interface and reform de novo upon successive tideline experiments, as well as the hydroperoxides found (Souguir et al 2008), which contribute to paper degradation, further supports this hypothesis. Table 2 shows the results of the ICP/MS analyses of the major mineral elements present in the samples.…”

Section: Tideline Extractivesmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…As mentioned before, hydroperoxides and oxidation products such as small organic acids were shown to accumulate at the tideline (Souguir et al 2008). These compounds and possibly also other oxidation products are likely to be formed in bTL during the water migration thus affecting the degradation of cellulose of that area.…”

Section: Sheet With a Tidelinementioning

confidence: 68%

“…A decrease in the degree of polymerization directly affects mechanical properties of paper, such as tensile, tear, bursting strength and folding endurance (Venter 1968;Levlin et al 1999). Hydroperoxides, also shown to be generated during tideline experiments (Souguir et al 2008), are evidence that oxidation reactions take place. It is therefore also likely that free radical species, such as peroxy and hydroxyl radicals are being formed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In previous research it was found that a sheet of paper subjected to a tideline experiment and subsequently artificially aged underwent faster depolimerization at the tideline than in other areas, and more degradation occurred in the area that had undergone the passage of water (area below the tideline) than in the area that had not been wetted (area above the tideline) (Souguir et al 2008). However the influence of the tideline on neighboring paper areas as a result of cross-contamination during aging had not been explored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Degradation of cellulose at the wet-dry interface: I—study of the depolymerization

Jeong

Dupont²,

Rie³

2012

Cellulose

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The degradation of cellulose in paper due to the formation of a tideline at the wet-dry interface when paper is suspended in water was explored. SEC/ MALS was used to assess the molar mass, while ICP/ MS, SEM/EDS and CE/UV provided a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the elements and inorganic ions present in the paper. Immediately after the formation of the tideline, no significant depolymerization was observed at the wet-dry interface, despite the accumulation of water soluble brown and/or fluorescent degradation compounds and salts containing sodium, chlorine, sulfur and calcium. Various artificial aging configurations were applied to the paper with tidelines to evaluate the effect of the material accumulated at the wet-dry interface on the long-term stability of paper. The decrease in the molar mass of cellulose (above, at and below the tideline) differed depending on the type of aging, i.e. whether the entire sheet of paper was aged or whether small amounts of paper from the different areas were sampled and aged, individually or together, which evidences a complex degradation pathway. In the former aging configuration the material accumulated in the tideline affected the degradation of the tideline area to the same extent or more than the other areas. When the different areas of the paper sheet were sampled and aged together, it was found that the presence of the tideline clearly affected the degradation of the other paper areas. Conversely, in that case, cellulose within the tidelines was the least degraded. The area below the tideline, through which the water migrated, showed the most significant degradation.

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Section: Aging Types B and Csupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Tideline Extractivesmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Sheet With a Tidelinementioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Degradation of cellulose at the wet-dry interface: I—study of the depolymerization

Jeong

Dupont²,

Rie³

2012

Cellulose

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Application of bioluminescence ATP measurement for evaluation of fungal viability of foxing spots on old documents

Rakotonirainy

Dubar

2012

Luminescence

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An adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence-based protocol was tested to assess the viability of fungal species in old documents damaged by foxing. Foxing appears as scattered yellow brownish-red stains, damaging the aesthetics of documents and their long-term readability. In the field of cultural heritage conservation, the debate over the mechanism of foxing is ongoing. Previous studies found evidence of mold-like structures in some coloured areas; however, many species have not yet been identified and their role in the phenomenon is not understood. To better understand their involvement in this type of paper decay, we focused our attention first on their viability. We demonstrated the reliability and sensitivity of the ATP bioluminescence assay compared with conventional methods based on cultivation, which has rarely given rise to in vitro growth from foxed papers. From nine books dating back from the 19th and 20th centuries, the mean ATP amount of foxed spots ranged from 0.29 to 3.63 ng/cm(2), suggesting the presence of strains inside the brownish spots and providing evidence of their viability. Outside the spots, ATP content was considered negligible, with a mean ATP amount of 0 to 0.03 ng/cm(2). ATP assay appears to be a useful and robust method for the detection and quantification of viable elements in foxing spots.

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Understanding paper degradation: identification of products of cellulosic paper decomposition at the wet-dry “tideline” interface using GC-MS

et al. 2016

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Cellulose paper degradation products forming in the "tideline" area at the wet-dry interface of pure cellulose paper were analyzed using gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) and high-resolution electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS, LTQ Orbitrap) techniques. Different extraction protocols were employed in order to solubilize the products of oxidative cellulose decomposition, i.e., a direct solvent extraction or a more laborious chromophore release and identification (CRI) technique aiming to reveal products responsible for paper discoloration in the tideline area. Several groups of low molecular weight compounds were identified, suggesting a complex pathway of cellulose decomposition in the tidelines formed at the cellulose-water-oxygen interface. Our findings, namely the appearance of a wide range of linear saturated carboxylic acids (from formic to nonanoic), support the oxidative autocatalytic mechanism of decomposition. In addition, the identification of several furanic compounds (which can be, in part, responsible for paper discoloration) plus anhydro carbohydrate derivatives sheds more light on the pathways of cellulose decomposition. Most notably, the mechanisms of tideline formation in the presence of molecular oxygen appear surprisingly similar to pathways of pyrolytic cellulose degradation. More complex chromophore compounds were not detected in this study, thereby revealing a difference between this short-term tideline experiment and longer-term cellulose aging.

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Formation of Brown Lines in Paper: Characterization of Cellulose Degradation at the Wet−Dry Interface

Cited by 25 publications

References 36 publications

Degradation of cellulose at the wet-dry interface: I—study of the depolymerization

Degradation of cellulose at the wet-dry interface: I—study of the depolymerization

Application of bioluminescence ATP measurement for evaluation of fungal viability of foxing spots on old documents

Understanding paper degradation: identification of products of cellulosic paper decomposition at the wet-dry “tideline” interface using GC-MS

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