Formation of Complex Inclusions in Gear Steels for Modification of Manganese Sulphide

Ahmad, Haseeb; Zhao, Baojun; Lyu, Sha; Huang, Zongze; Xu, Yang; Zhao, Sixin; Ma, Xiaodong

doi:10.3390/met11122051

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The inclusions are modified into (RE–Zr–Ti–Ca–Mg)–O x with Zr, Ca, Ti and RE acting as deoxidizers [ 59 ]. It should be noted that the CaS (−126.03 kJ/mol) initially formed in the molten steel is easily transformed back into CaO [ 60 , 61 ]. The reaction for the formation of TiN (65.09 kJ/mol) has a positive Gibbs free energy change at 1873 K. Consequently, it cannot be formed spontaneously in molten steel.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Corrosion Behaviors in the Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone in a Newly Developed Zr–Ti–Al–RE Deoxidized High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Oxide metallurgy technology can improve the microstructure of a coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) but introduces extra inclusions. Local corrosion behavior of the CGHAZ of a Zr–Ti–Al–RE deoxidized steel was investigated in this work using theoretical calculations and experimental verification. The modified inclusions have a (Zr–Mg–Al–Ca–RE)Ox core claded by a CaS and TiN shell. CaS dissolves first, followed by the oxide core, leaving TiN parts. This confirms that the addition of rare earth can reduce lattice distortion and prevent a galvanic couple between the inclusions and the matrix, while the chemical dissolution of CaS causes localized acidification, resulting in the pitting corrosion initiation.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Corrosion Behaviors in the Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone in a Newly Developed Zr–Ti–Al–RE Deoxidized High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Real inclusions in gear steels are discussed in [27][28][29]. Wang et al [27] mention that the size and density of inclusions increases with the size of the gear, similar argumentation can be made for rolling bearings [26].…”

Section: Real Inclusions In Gear and Bearing Steelsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Stress Based Model for General Rolling Contact with Surface and Subsurface Survival: Application to Gears with Material Inhomogeneities

Morales-Espejel,

Félix-Quiñonez,

Boffy

2023

Tribology Online

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A previously developed and validated model for the life of rolling/sliding heavily-loaded lubricated contacts, that separates surface and subsurface survival is now adapted to include the effect of material inhomogeneities and it is applied to the case of spur gear contact life. The previously used FFT-based, homogeneous elastic dry contact solver (for the calculation of pressure and subsurface stresses) is now replaced by a previously developed Lamé's equations solver based on Multigrid methods that can handle bonded inhomogeneities in an elastic media. Despite the increase in computing time by this change it still is able to generate gear solution calculations within one hour computing time in a personal computer. The effect of bonded inhomogeneities in rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is investigated for a variety of inclusion geometries and Young's modulus values. The results show how deterministically, or randomly distributed inclusions might shorten the RCF life of a component. In engineering practice this can be reflected in a reduction of the fatigue limit used.

show abstract

“…The formation mechanism of the composite inclusions attracts more and more attentions in recent years. Ahmad et al 17) . studied the formation mechanisms of composite inclusions by analyzing the inclusions in steel with varying contents of sulphur and calcium by using Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA) combined with thermodynamic calculation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic Formation and Three-dimensional Characterization of MnS–MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Composite Inclusions in Steel

Meng

et al. 2023

ISIJ Int.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The distribution and morphology of inclusions in steel have an important effect on the quality of steel. It has been proved that the oxide inclusions can be modified into small and dispersed spinel inclusions by adding proper amount of Mg in steel. The MnS-MgAl 2 O 4 composite inclusions are formed with the core of MgAl 2 O 4 inclusions during the solidification process of molten steel, which has deforming ability and can improve the properties of materials steel. However, the investigation of the control of the composite inclusions is limited by the lack of understanding structure of the inclusions. In this study, the Mg treated steel samples were prepared by induction furnace in this study. In the experiment, SEM-EDS was used to characterize the samples, and thermodynamic calculations were used to describe the evolution mechanism of inclusions and MnS-MgAl 2 O 4 composite inclusions formed in steel samples with different Mg contents. The atomic mismatch calculated between MnS and MgAl 2 O 4 proves that they can nucleate effectively. The threedimensional (3D) morphology of the composite inclusion of MnS-MgAl 2 O 4 in steel samples were observed by using the X-ray Micro-CT in the beamline of BL16U2 at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). It is proved that MnS and MgAl 2 O 4 phases exist in the form of coassociated, which is valuable for the control of composite inclusions in steel. The current work provide a powerful method to analyze the detailed structure of the composite inclusions in the steel.

show abstract

Formation of Complex Inclusions in Gear Steels for Modification of Manganese Sulphide

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

Local Corrosion Behaviors in the Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone in a Newly Developed Zr–Ti–Al–RE Deoxidized High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel

Local Corrosion Behaviors in the Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone in a Newly Developed Zr–Ti–Al–RE Deoxidized High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel

Stress Based Model for General Rolling Contact with Surface and Subsurface Survival: Application to Gears with Material Inhomogeneities

Thermodynamic Formation and Three-dimensional Characterization of MnS–MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Composite Inclusions in Steel

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About