“…The change in learning from traditional to digital technology approaches is now an essential aspect of the current Indonesian curriculum, i.e., Merdeka Belajar-Kampus Merdeka (MBKM, hereafter, Merdeka curriculum) in universities. Digital competency is also one of the crucial 21st-century skills that should be incorporated into teacher education programs (Yesmakhanova et al, 2022). Thus, educators should be able to answer this challenge by empowering their students with technology in all aspects of life (Larson & Miller, 2011;Silalahi et al, 2022).…”