Formation of functionally active chloroplasts is determined at a limited stage of leaf development in virescent mutants of rice

Iba, Koh; Takamiya, Ken-ichiro; Toh, Yoshihiro; Satoh, Hiroyuki; Nishimura, Mitsuo

doi:10.1002/dvg.1020120503

Cited by 41 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…We have previously characterized three v (v1, v2, and v3) mutants in rice (Iba et al, 1991;Kusumi et al, 1997;Sugimoto et al, 2004) and recently identified the V2 gene that encodes pt/mt GK (Sugimoto et al, 2007). In this study, we have further identified the V3 and St1 genes that encode the large and small subunits of RNR, RNRL1 and RNRS1, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…It has been speculated that the V1 gene product functions at the beginning of the second step of chloroplast differentiation (Kusumi et al, 1997), whereas V2 (pt/mt GK) plays a critical role in the second and third steps (Sugimoto et al, 2004(Sugimoto et al, , 2007. Plastids in the chlorotic leaves of v1 and v2 were shown to be normal in size and DNA copy number (Iba et al, 1991). However, v3 and st1 mutants exhibit a significant decrease in the size and number of their chloroplasts ( Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This developmental phenotype suggests that some of the key factors required for Chl synthesis and/or chloroplast development are absent or insufficient at the earlier developmental stages but are present at adequate levels as the mutant plants mature. Three temperature-conditional v mutants (v1, v2, and v3) have been reported in rice (Oryza sativa; Iba et al, 1991). These mutants produce chlorotic leaves at a restrictive temperature (constant 20°C) but develop nearly green leaves at a permissive temperature (constant 30°C).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In rice, v3 has been classified as a temperatureconditional mutant along with v1 and v2 (Iba et al, 1991). The leaves of these three mutants accumulate only a trace amount of Chls at a restrictive temperature (20°C [C20]).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Rice Virescent3 and Stripe1 Encoding the Large and Small Subunits of Ribonucleotide Reductase Are Required for Chloroplast Biogenesis during Early Leaf Development

et al. 2009

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The virescent3 (v3) and stripe1 (st1) mutants in rice (Oryza sativa) produce chlorotic leaves in a growth stage-dependent manner under field conditions. They are temperature-conditional mutants that produce bleached leaves at a constant 20°C or 30°C but almost green leaves under diurnal 30°C/20°C conditions. Here, we show V3 and St1, which encode the large and small subunits of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), RNRL1, and RNRS1, respectively. RNR regulates the rate of deoxyribonucleotide production for DNA synthesis and repair. RNRL1 and RNRS1 are highly expressed in the shoot base and in young leaves, and the expression of the genes that function in plastid transcription/translation and in photosynthesis is altered in v3 and st1 mutants, indicating that a threshold activity of RNR is required for chloroplast biogenesis in developing leaves. There are additional RNR homologs in rice, RNRL2 and RNRS2, and eukaryotic RNRs comprise a 2 b 2 heterodimers. In yeast, RNRL1 interacts with RNRS1 (RNRL1:RNRS1) and RNRL2:RNRS2, but no interaction occurs between other combinations of the large and small subunits. The interacting activities are RNRL1:RNRS1 . RNRL1:rnrs1(st1) . rnrl1(v3):RNRS1 . rnrl1(v3):rnrs1(st1), which correlate with the degree of chlorosis for each genotype. This suggests that missense mutations in rnrl1(v3) and rnrs1 (st1) attenuate the first ab dimerization. Moreover, wild-type plants exposed to a low concentration of an RNR inhibitor, hydroxyurea, produce chlorotic leaves without growth retardation, reminiscent of v3 and st1 mutants. We thus propose that upon insufficient activity of RNR, plastid DNA synthesis is preferentially arrested to allow nuclear genome replication in developing leaves, leading to continuous plant growth.Plastid development from proplastids to photosynthetically active chloroplasts is one of the most important metabolic processes during plant growth and is coordinately regulated by both plastid and nuclear genes. Chloroplast development is largely under nuclear control, because the coding capacity of plastids is very limited and nuclear genes encode more than 95% of the chloroplast proteins. Thus, the precise coordination of gene expression through two-way signaling between plastids and the nucleus is essential for chloroplast biogenesis in plant cells (Mandel et al., 1996;Koussevitzky et al., 2007).A number of chlorophyll (Chl)-and chloroplastassociated mutations that affect leaf coloration and/or seedling viability have been identified and are referred to as virescent (v), stripe (st), albino, chlorina, zebra, and yellow variegated depending on their diverse phenotypes. Among these mutants, v plants suffer from Chl deficiency in the leaves that develop during the early growth stages and produce mostly green leaves during the late growth stages (Archer and Bonnett, 1987). This developmental phenotype suggests that some of the key factors required for Chl synthesis and/or chloroplast development are absent or insufficient at the earlier developmental stages but are present at ade...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rice Virescent3 and Stripe1 Encoding the Large and Small Subunits of Ribonucleotide Reductase Are Required for Chloroplast Biogenesis during Early Leaf Development

et al. 2009

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“…Why the ygl1 mutation, like ysa, dramatically affects chlorophyll biosynthesis in the early developmental stages but appears to be dispensable in the later stages is also not clear. The rice v2 mutant develops chlorotic leaves at the restrictive temperature (20°C), but develops nearly normal green leaves at the permissive temperature (30°C; Iba et al, 1991). The v2 mutation affects activation of the chloroplast translation machinery and/or expression of the plastid-to-nucleus signaling pathway during the P4 stage of leaf development (Sugimoto et al, 2004).…”

Section: Ysa Encodes a Ppr Protein Essential For Chloroplast Biogenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of a Rice Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein Causes a Seedling-Specific Albino Phenotype and Its Utilization to Enhance Seed Purity in Hybrid Rice Production

Hu²,

Wu³

et al. 2012

Plant Physiology

152

112

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The pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) gene family represents one of the largest gene families in higher plants. Accumulating data suggest that PPR proteins play a central and broad role in modulating the expression of organellar genes in plants. Here we report a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant named young seedling albino (ysa) derived from the rice thermo/photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile line Pei'ai64S, which is a leading male-sterile line for commercial two-line hybrid rice production. The ysa mutant develops albino leaves before the three-leaf stage, but the mutant gradually turns green and recovers to normal green at the sixleaf stage. Further investigation showed that the change in leaf color in ysa mutant is associated with changes in chlorophyll content and chloroplast development. Map-based cloning revealed that YSA encodes a PPR protein with 16 tandem PPR motifs. YSA is highly expressed in young leaves and stems, and its expression level is regulated by light. We showed that the ysa mutation has no apparent negative effects on several important agronomic traits, such as fertility, stigma extrusion rate, selfed seed-setting rate, hybrid seed-setting rate, and yield heterosis under normal growth conditions. We further demonstrated that ysa can be used as an early marker for efficient identification and elimination of false hybrids in commercial hybrid rice production, resulting in yield increases by up to approximately 537 kg ha 21 .

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Expression of the rpoB Gene at an Early Stage of Leaf Development is Essential for Chloroplast Development in Rice

Kusumi¹,

Mizutani²,

Nishimura³

et al. 1995

Photosynthesis: From Light to Biosphere

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Formation of functionally active chloroplasts is determined at a limited stage of leaf development in virescent mutants of rice

Cited by 41 publications

References 36 publications

Rice Virescent3 and Stripe1 Encoding the Large and Small Subunits of Ribonucleotide Reductase Are Required for Chloroplast Biogenesis during Early Leaf Development

Rice Virescent3 and Stripe1 Encoding the Large and Small Subunits of Ribonucleotide Reductase Are Required for Chloroplast Biogenesis during Early Leaf Development

Disruption of a Rice Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein Causes a Seedling-Specific Albino Phenotype and Its Utilization to Enhance Seed Purity in Hybrid Rice Production

Expression of the rpoB Gene at an Early Stage of Leaf Development is Essential for Chloroplast Development in Rice

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