Formation of massive sulfide deposits on oceanic ridge crests: Incremental reaction models for mixing between hydrothermal solutions and seawater

Janecky, David R.; Seyfried, William E.

doi:10.1016/0016-7037(84)90319-3

Cited by 217 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Because of kinetic inhibition of quartz nucleation below about 200°C (Rimstidt and Barnes, 1980), rapid mixing of hydrothermal fluids with cold seawater can result in silica-rich low-temperature fluids (Janecky and Seyfried, 1984). Given sufficient time, quartz would precipitate from these fluids, and cooling would result in precipitation of amorphous silica or chalcedony (Janecky and Seyfried, 1984;Tivey and Delaney, 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given sufficient time, quartz would precipitate from these fluids, and cooling would result in precipitation of amorphous silica or chalcedony (Janecky and Seyfried, 1984;Tivey and Delaney, 1986). Silicification of the hydrothermal Fe-oxide deposit in Hole 801C may have occurred through cooling of such silica-rich distal, low-temperature hydrothermal fluids to form opal or chalcedony, which was later recrystallized to quartz at temperatures of 30°-60°C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Alteration of Jurassic Ocean Crust, Site 801

Alt

France‐Lanord²,

Floyd³

et al. 1992

Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program

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Low-temperature hydrothermal alteration of basement from Site 801 was studied through analyses of the mineralogy, chemistry, and oxygen isotopic compositions of the rocks. The more than 100-m section of 170-Ma basement consists of 60 m of tholeiitic basalt separated from the overlying 60 m of alkalic basalts by a >3-m-thick Fe-Si hydrothermal deposit. Four alteration types were distinguished in the basalts: (1) saponite-type (Mg-smectite) rocks are generally slightly altered, exhibiting small increases in H 2 O, δ 18 θ, and oxidation; (2) celadonite-type rocks are also slightly altered, but exhibit uptake of alkalis in addition to hydration and oxidation, reflecting somewhat greater seawater/rock ratios than the saponite type; (3) Al-saponite-type alteration resulted in oxidation, hydration, and alkali and 18 O uptake and losses of Ca and Na due to the breakdown of plagioclase and clinopyroxene; and (4) blue-green rocks exhibit the greatest chemical changes, including oxidation, hydration, alkali uptake, and loss of Ca, Na, and Mg due to the complete breakdown of plagioclase and olivine to K-feldspar and Phyllosilicates.Saponite-and celadonite-type alteration of the tholeiite section occurred at a normal mid-ocean ridge basalt spreading center at temperatures <20°C. Near-or off-axis intrusion of an alkali basalt magma at depth reinitiated hydrothermal circulation, and the Fe-Si hydrothermal deposit formed from cool (<60°C) distal hydrothermal fluids. Focusing of fluid flow in the rocks immediately underlying the deposit resulted in the extensive alteration of the blue-green rocks at similar temperatures. Al-saponite alteration of the subsequent alkali basalts overlying the deposit occurred at relatively high water/rock ratios as part of the same low-temperature circulation system that formed the hydrothermal deposit. Abundant calcite formed in the rocks during progressive "aging" of the crust during its long history away from the spreading center.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Alteration of Jurassic Ocean Crust, Site 801

Alt

France‐Lanord²,

Floyd³

et al. 1992

Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program

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“…Supplementary Table S2 lists the end-member fluid concentrations utilized in our model. Our approach follows those of previous studies (Janecky and Seyfried, 1984;Bowers et al, 1985;McCollom, 2000). This specific plume thermodynamic model implementation has been described previously Anantharaman et al, 2014).…”

Section: Functional Gene Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomic resolution of microbial functions in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes across the Eastern Lau Spreading Center

2015

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Microbial processes within deep-sea hydrothermal plumes affect ocean biogeochemistry on global scales. In rising hydrothermal plumes, a combination of microbial metabolism and particle formation processes initiate the transformation of reduced chemicals like hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, methane, iron, manganese and ammonia that are abundant in hydrothermal vent fluids. Despite the biogeochemical importance of this rising portion of plumes, it is understudied in comparison to neutrally buoyant plumes. Here we use metagenomics and bioenergetic modeling to describe the abundance and genetic potential of microorganisms in relation to available electron donors in five different hydrothermal plumes and three associated background deep-sea waters from the Eastern Lau Spreading Center located in the Western Pacific Ocean. Three hundred and thirty one distinct genomic 'bins' were identified, comprising an estimated 951 genomes of archaea, bacteria, eukarya and viruses. A significant proportion of these genomes is from novel microorganisms and thus reveals insights into the energy metabolism of heretofore unknown microbial groups. Community-wide analyses of genes encoding enzymes that oxidize inorganic energy sources showed that sulfur oxidation was the most abundant and diverse chemolithotrophic microbial metabolism in the community. Genes for sulfur oxidation were commonly present in genomic bins that also contained genes for oxidation of hydrogen and methane, suggesting metabolic versatility in these microbial groups. The relative diversity and abundance of genes encoding hydrogen oxidation was moderate, whereas that of genes for methane and ammonia oxidation was low in comparison to sulfur oxidation. Bioenergetic-thermodynamic modeling supports the metagenomic analyses, showing that oxidation of elemental sulfur with oxygen is the most dominant catabolic reaction in the hydrothermal plumes. We conclude that the energy metabolism of microbial communities inhabiting rising hydrothermal plumes is dictated by the underlying plume chemistry, with a dominant role for sulfur-based chemolithoautotrophy.

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“…The new formed anhydrite walls restrict the seawater mixing with the hot fluid. Then chalcopyrite, pyrite and sphalerite precipitated at higher temperatures (>250°C), often being confined to the central portions of the chimneys [26][27][28][29]. With the growth of the chimneys, the temperature in the outer portion of the edifices decreases.…”

Section: Mineralogy and Texturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogical and geochemical features of sulfide chimneys from the 49°39′E hydrothermal field on the Southwest Indian Ridge and their geological inferences

Chen

Huang

et al. 2011

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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, the Chinese research cruise DY115-19 discovered an active hydrothermal field at 49°39′E/37°47′S on the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). This was also the first active hydrothermal field found along an ultraslow-spreading ridge. We analyzed mineralogical, textural and geochemical compositions of the sulfide chimneys obtained from the 49°39′E field. Chimney samples show a concentric mineral zone around the fluid channel. The mineral assemblages of the interiors consist mainly of chalcopyrite, with pyrite and sphalerite as minor constitunets. In the intermediate portion, pyrite becomes the dominant mineral, with chalcopyrite and sphalerite as minor constitunets. For the outer wall, the majority of minerals are pyrite and sphalerite, with few chalcopyrite. Towards the outer margin of the chimney wall, the mineral grains become small and irregular in shape gradually, while minerals within interstices are abundant. These features are similar to those chimney edifices found on the East Pacific Rise and Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The average contents of Cu, Fe and Zn in our chimney samples were 2.83 wt%, 45.6 wt% and 3.28 wt%, respectively. The average Au and Ag contents were up to 2.0 ppm and 70.2 ppm respectively, higher than the massive sulfides from most hydrothermal fields along mid-ocean ridge. The rare earth elements geochemistry of the sulfide chimneys show a pattern distinctive from the sulfides recovered from typical hydrothermal fields along sedimentstarved mid-ocean ridge, with the enrichment of light rare earth elements but the weak, mostly negative, Eu anomaly. This is attributed to the distinct mineralization environment or fluid compositions in this area. In 1977 the first hydrothermal black smoker was discovered on the Galapagos Rift by scientists diving in a deep-sea

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Formation of massive sulfide deposits on oceanic ridge crests: Incremental reaction models for mixing between hydrothermal solutions and seawater

Cited by 217 publications

References 60 publications

Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Alteration of Jurassic Ocean Crust, Site 801

Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Alteration of Jurassic Ocean Crust, Site 801

Metagenomic resolution of microbial functions in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes across the Eastern Lau Spreading Center

Mineralogical and geochemical features of sulfide chimneys from the 49°39′E hydrothermal field on the Southwest Indian Ridge and their geological inferences

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