Molybdenum has been used as a case study for the rational development of a new domain of organometallic chemistry, combining oxo-stabilized high oxidation state metals and aqueous media. The pH-dependent conversion of oxo, hydroxo, and aqua ligands allows the opening of free coordination sites, while the use of a redox active metal opens possible pathways for coupled proton and electron transfer to and from activated substrates. While our work has so far only concentrated on synthesis and analytical investigations, the development of catalytic and electrocatalytic processes in water or aqueous media is a promising application of this new research area.