Formation of Polar Terrestrial Circumbinary Planets

Childs, Anna C.; Martin, Rebecca G.

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac2957

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The different binary models and their corresponding binary eccentricities are listed in Table 1 and are marked by red triangles in Figure 1. The initial surface density profile is taken to be that of a steady circumbinary gas disk as described in Childs & Martin (2021b). At least initially, both particle disks around the circular orbit binary are in circulating orbits while around the eccentric orbit binary they are librating.…”

Section: Terrestrial Circumbinary Planet Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coplanar and polar circumbinary orbits are stationary states in which the particles do not undergo significant nodal precession. As a result, terrestrial planets can efficiently form in coplanar (Quintana & Lissauer 2006;Childs & Martin 2021a) and polar aligned (Childs & Martin 2021b) circumbinary disks through core accretion. Such terrestrial circumbinary planets (CBPs) have yet to be observed, however.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note. The parameters are the model name, binary eccentricity (e b ), initial inclination above the binary plane (i b0 ), initial inclination away from a polar configuration (i e0 ), and the particle surface density fit (Σ) (from Figure2inChilds & Martin 2021b…”

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Misaligned Circumbinary Disks as Efficient Progenitors of Interstellar Asteroids

Childs

Martin

2022

ApJL

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Gaseous circumbinary disks (CBDs) that are highly inclined to the binary orbit are commonly observed in nature. These disks harbor particles that can reach large mutual inclinations as a result of nodal precession once the gas disk has dissipated. With n-body simulations that include fragmentation we demonstrate that misaligned disks of particles can be efficient progenitors of interstellar asteroids (ISAs). Collisions that take place between particles with large mutual inclinations have large impact velocities, which can result in mass ejection, with a wide range of fragment sizes and ejection velocities. We explore the binary parameters for which the majority of the terrestrial planet-forming material is ejected rather than accreted into planets. The misalignment required to eject significant material decreases with binary eccentricity. If the distribution of binary eccentricity is uniform and the initial particle CBD orientation relative to the binary orbit is isotropic, about 59% of binaries are more likely to eject the majority of their CBD terrestrial planet disk mass through high-velocity body–body collisions than to retain this material and build terrestrial planets. However, binary–disk interactions during the gas disk phase with nonzero disk viscosity will reduce this fraction. The composition, small size, highly elongated shape, and tumbling motion of ‘Oumuamua are consistent with ISAs generated by misaligned CBDs.

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Section: Terrestrial Circumbinary Planet Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Misaligned Circumbinary Disks as Efficient Progenitors of Interstellar Asteroids

Childs

Martin

2022

ApJL

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“…Dissipation within the disk causes the disk to align towards coplanar to the binary orbit, or polar to the binary orbit and aligned to the binary eccentricity vector Lubow & Martin 2018;Zanazzi & Lai 2018). While all currently detected circumbinary planets are in coplanar orbits, around an eccentric binary polar planets may be more stable than coplanar planets (Chen et al 2020) and terrestrial planets at least form more efficiently (Childs & Martin 2021). If the disk lifetime is shorter than the disk alignment timescale then planets may form in misaligned orbits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eclipse of the V773 Tau B circumbinary disc

Kenworthy

Picos

Elizondo

et al. 2022

A&A

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Context. Young multiple stellar systems can host both circumstellar and circumbinary disks composed of gas and dust, and the orientations of circumbinary disks can be sculpted by the orientation and eccentricity of the central binaries. Studying multiple binary systems and their associated disks enables understanding of the size and distribution of the planetary systems that subsequently form around them. Aims. A deep (∼ 70%) and extended (∼150 days) eclipse was seen towards the young multiple stellar system V773 Tau in 2010. We interpret it as due to the passage of a circumbinary disk around the B components moving in front of the A components. Our aim is to characterise the orientation and structure of the disk, to refine the orbits of the subcomponents, and to predict when the next eclipse will occur. Methods. We combine the photometry from several ground based surveys, construct a model for the light curve of the eclipse, and use high angular resolution imaging to refine the orbits of the three components of the system, A, B and C. Frequency analysis of the light curves, including from the TESS satellite, enables characterisation of the rotational periods of the Aa and Ab stars.Results. A toy model of the circumbinary disk shows that it extends out to approximately 5 au around the B binary and has an inclination of 73 • with respect to the orbital plane of AB, where the lower bound of the radius of the disk is constrained by the geometry of the AB orbit and the upper bound is set by the stability of the disk. We identify several frequencies in the photometric data that we attribute to rotational modulation of the Aa and Ab stellar companions. We produce the first determination of the orbit of the more distant C component around the AB system and limit its inclination to 93 • . Conclusions. The high inclination and large diameter of the disk, together with the match from theory suggest that B is an almost equal mass, moderately eccentric binary. We identify the rotational periods of the Aa and Ab stars, identify a third frequency in the light curve that we attribute to the orbital period of the stars in the B binary. We predict that the next eclipse will be around 2037, during which both detailed photometric and spectroscopic monitoring will characterise the disk in greater detail.

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“…Zanardi et al (2018) examined the effects of GR on the orbit of an asteroid around a star with an inner eccentric orbit planet. Childs & Martin (2021) found that general relativity (GR) does not affect the dynamics of very close in (orbital radius r < 4 au) terrestrial planets around a 0.5 au semi-major axis binary since the planet orbits precess with the binary and remain polar aligned.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A radial limit on polar circumbinary orbits from general relativity

Lepp,

Martin,

Childs

2022

Preprint

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A particle orbiting a misaligned eccentric orbit binary undergoes nodal precession either around the binary angular momentum vector (a circulating orbit) or around a stationary inclination (a librating orbit). In the absence of general relativity, the stationary inclination is inclined by 90 • to the binary angular momentum vector (aligned with the binary eccentricity vector) and does not depend on the particle semi-major axis. General relativity causes apsidal precession of the binary orbit. Close to the binary, the behaviour of the particle is not significantly affected, a librating particle precesses with the binary. However, we find that the stationary inclination and the minimum inclination required for libration both increase with the particle semi-major axis. There is a critical radius beyond which there are no librating orbits, only circulating orbits, and therefore there is a maximum orbital radius for a stationary polar orbiting body. The critical radius is within planet forming regions around binaries with semi-major axis 1 au. This has implications for the search for misaligned circumbinary planets and the radial extent of polar circumbinary disks.

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Formation of Polar Terrestrial Circumbinary Planets

Cited by 19 publications

References 56 publications

Misaligned Circumbinary Disks as Efficient Progenitors of Interstellar Asteroids

Misaligned Circumbinary Disks as Efficient Progenitors of Interstellar Asteroids

Eclipse of the V773 Tau B circumbinary disc

A radial limit on polar circumbinary orbits from general relativity

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