Formation of solitons with shape changing for a generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation in an optical fiber

Dynamics of switching optical soliton in fiber with sixth order dispersion and inter modal dispersion

“…In recent decades, many effective algebraic approaches have been developed for constructing a precise solution to NLS equations. The methods are inverse scattering transform, the Hirota method, various tanh methods, variable separation approach, Cole-Hopf transformation, Painleve method and similarity reduction method [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. Among these methods, the BTRE could be used to find different types formal solutions.…”

“…On the other hand, if any eigenvalue has a non-zero real part, then the stationary solution is unstable. This means that even small perturbations can lead to the system diverging from the stationary solution over time, indicating instability [36]. Figure 4 shows that eigenvalue spectrum of equation (20) and eigenvalue spots appears on both real and imaginary parts of λ.…”