Formation of strong airway irritants in mixtures of isoprene/ozone and isoprene/ozone/nitrogen dioxide.

Wilkins, C. K.; Clausen, Per Axel; Wolkoff, Peder; Larsen, Søren Thor; Hammer, Maria; Larsen, Kim Lambertsen; Hansen, Vivi; Nielsen, Gunnar D.

doi:10.1289/ehp.01109937

Cited by 82 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Subsequently, Alarie et al (27) demonstrated that some "reactive" species trigger symptoms that do not follow this predictable pattern and therefore that irritation from reactive species must be caused by a different mechanism. Weschler and Shields (28) and Wilkins et al (29) have examined the relationships of reactive species with such relatively nonreactive agents and shown that "indoor chemistry" produces far more irritating substances at a ratio of 2:1 compared with the initial nonirritating agent. Indoor chemistry in this context refers to the reactions of compounds such as ozone and nitrogen oxides with relatively inert VOCs in a fashion that oxidizes them and produces two more irritating for each single previously inert molecule.…”

Section: Mucosal Irritationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor environmental exposures and symptoms.

Hodgson

2002

Environ Health Perspect

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The label "sick building syndrome" is often used to imply the absence of a physiologic basis for symptoms in the built environment. Although building-related illness is widely recognized but considered rare, several well-studied mechanisms may be responsible for many symptoms in buildings. These mechanisms do not explain why some individuals perceive disability. Until researchers distinguish physiologic mechanisms from other aspects of disease and study them systematically, poorly defined symptoms will remain poorly understood. The disability associated with such symptoms and syndromes, not the physiology, is the primary interest and generates controversy.

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Section: Mucosal Irritationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor environmental exposures and symptoms.

Hodgson

2002

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Among the various harmful gases, nitrogen oxides (NO x ) have a negative impact through the smog and acid rain formations as well as the decrease of the superior ozone layer [1,2]. Several methods have been applied for nitrogen oxides elimination including the reduction of NO x by selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential of Activated Carbon Made of Agro-Industrial Residues in NOx Immissions Abatement

et al. 2017

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Abstract:The treatment of NO x from automotive gas exhaust has been widely studied, however the presence of low concentrations of NO x in confined areas is still under investigation. As an example, the concentration of NO 2 can approximate 0.15 ppmv inside vehicles when people are driving on highways. This interior pollution becomes an environmental problem and a health problem. In the present work, the abatement of NO 2 immission is studied at room temperature. Three activated carbons (ACs) prepared by physical (CO 2 or H 2 O) or chemical activation (H 3 PO 4 ) are tested as adsorbents. The novelty of this work consists in studying the adsorption of NO 2 at low concentrations that approach real life immission concentrations and is experimentally realizable. The ACs present different structural and textural properties as well as functional surface groups, which induce different affinities with NO 2 . The AC prepared using water vapor activation presents the best adsorption capacity, which may originate from a more basic surface. The presence of a mesoporosity may also influence the diffusion of NO 2 inside the carbon matrix. The high reduction activity of the AC prepared from H 3 PO 4 activation is explained by the important concentration of acidic groups on its surface.

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“…First, airway irritation has been reported in mice exposed to terpene oxidation products (Wolkoff et al 2000;Clausen et al 2001;Wilkins et al 2001;Rohr et al 2002). These observed effects may be related to the chemical composition of the OPs since many of them contain C O, COOH, and OH functional groups and may interact with cellular material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used 2 different monoterpenes, α-pinene and d-limonene, as well as a hemiterpene, isoprene, as each of these reaction systems yields different products and the reaction rates with ozone vary. Furthermore, toxicological work by Wolkoff et al (2000), Clausen et al (2001), Wilkins et al (2001), and Rohr et al (2002) used the same 3 terpenes and found different degrees of irritation from each mixture, with isoprene having the largest effect. As such, we report the characterization of a reaction system designed to allow the generation and quantification of ultrafine particles as well as to conduct exposure experiments using mice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation and Quantification of Ultrafine Particles through Terpene/Ozone Reaction in a Chamber Setting

Rohr

Weschler

Koutrakis³

et al. 2003

Aerosol Science and Technology

110

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Terpene/ozone reactions produce gas-and condensed-phase products and thus contribute to both indoor and outdoor aerosol. These reactions may be important in indoor settings, where terpenes are generated from indoor sources and ambient ozone can reach significant levels. Moreover, airway irritation has been observed in mice exposed to terpene oxidation products (OPs). The aim of this study was to characterize a system for generating and quantifying ultrafine particles formed through terpene/ozone reactions in preparation for inhalation toxicology experiments. Two common monoterpenes, α-pinene and d-limonene, and a hemiterpene, isoprene, were investigated. Ozone and gas-phase terpene were introduced continuously into a reaction flow tube, from which reaction products entered a plexiglass chamber. Particle number, mass, and size distribution (∼15-750 nm) were monitored in the chamber for various reactant concentrations and air exchange rates (AERs). In all experiments, ozone was the limiting reagent and the reaction rate was much more rapid than the AER. Particles formed rapidly and in high concentrations in the pinene and limonene systems. Particle formation was slower in the isoprene system and fewer particles were formed; moreover, particle diameters were smaller. In all 3 systems, progressive growth of particles was observed due to condensation and coagulation processes. The isoprene system displayed instability with respect to aerosol characteristics and did not reach steady-state conditions. In the pinene system, ozone concentration was a strong predictor of steady-state particle number and mass concentration and particle diameter. The particle number was greater at higher AERs, but particles were smaller. This study is the first to incorporate measurement of ultrafine particles formed from terpene/ozone reactions into a controlled exposure Address correspondence to Annette C. Rohr, EPRI, 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1395. E-mail: arohr@epri.com chamber setting. Following system characterization, we will conduct mouse exposures to further investigate the respiratory effects of gas-and particle-phase terpene OPs.

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Formation of strong airway irritants in mixtures of isoprene/ozone and isoprene/ozone/nitrogen dioxide.

Cited by 82 publications

References 42 publications

Indoor environmental exposures and symptoms.

Indoor environmental exposures and symptoms.

The Potential of Activated Carbon Made of Agro-Industrial Residues in NOx Immissions Abatement

Generation and Quantification of Ultrafine Particles through Terpene/Ozone Reaction in a Chamber Setting

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