Formation of tetramethyltin from trimethyltin precursors in sediment environments

Craig, P. J.; Rapsomanikis, S.

doi:10.1080/09593338409384293

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In the global biogeochemical cycle of trace elements such as tin, antimony, arsenic, lead, and mercury, the formation and release of volatile species from aqueous and solid matrixes into the atmosphere plays a key role (1). Until recently, the primary routes for the volatilization of trace metals from different environmental systems were considered to be biological hydride formation (2) and chemical (3) or biological (4) alkylation. As a consequence of these processes, the various trace elements originally present in the environment, for example, ionic nonvolatile species in seawater, are transformed into saturated volatile species (i.e., compounds in which all of the possible bonding sites on the metals are connected to a carbon atom).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence of these processes, the various trace elements originally present in the environment, for example, ionic nonvolatile species in seawater, are transformed into saturated volatile species (i.e., compounds in which all of the possible bonding sites on the metals are connected to a carbon atom). As examples, chemical meth-ylation of tin in seawater may occur via indigenous methyl donor species such as iodomethane or natural humic substances (3), and ionic inorganic antimony can be transformed into volatile trimethylstibine by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis fungus (5). Biomethylation-based volatilization has been shown to occur for a number of elements, including tin (6), arsenic (7), selenium (8), bismuth (9), cadmium (10), lead (11), mercury (12), and thallium (13) as a result of synthesis of fully saturated compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Volatile Organometal Chloride Species in Model Atmosphere above Seawater and Sediment

Mester

Sturgeon

2002

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The principal route for release of organometallic species into the atmosphere is currently considered to be the biological or chemical formation of saturated volatile compounds such as dimethylmercury, metal hydrides, etc. Model experiments conducted in our laboratory pointto the release of extremely toxic, volatile organotin, -lead, -mercury, and -arsenic species that have been detected as the chlorides in the gas phase above seawater and sediment mixtures. As the sediment was sterilized prior to the analytical study, any bioformation of volatile metal species was excluded. The most probable account of these observations is the naturally occurring formation of metal chlorides, fueled by the abundance of chloride ion (or other halides) present in seawater and many other natural environments. This raises the suggestion that the release of toxic trace elements to the atmosphere by environmental processes may be seriously underestimated. A conservative projection, based on laboratory data, suggests that the emission of butyltin into the atmosphere may reach as high as 150 ng/m2 of water/yr from a polluted marine environment, suggesting a very significant level of release of butyltin from seawater at the global level. For the sampling and determination of volatile metal species, solid-phase microextraction combined with inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been used. This new analytical system is capable of detection of semivolatile, thermally unstable compounds such as the class encompassing metal halide species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Volatile Organometal Chloride Species in Model Atmosphere above Seawater and Sediment

Mester

Sturgeon

2002

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The dealkylation processes can be offset to some extent by competing reaction pathways involving natural methylation ( − ). Studies have indicated the occurrence of methyltin derivatives in the aquatic environments ( , ). Different natural methyl donor species, such as iodomethane, methyl-cobalamine or humic substances are indeed able to methylate tin compounds to yield mono-, di-, tri-, and tetramethyltin ().…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volatilization of Organotin Compounds from Estuarine and Coastal Environments

Amouroux

Tessier

Donard

2000

Environ. Sci. Technol.

103

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The occurrence and speciation of volatile tin compounds (Sn) have been investigated in a contaminated area of the Arcachon Bay (SW France) and in the water column of the Scheldt (Belgium/Netherlands) and Gironde (SW France) estuaries. This paper describes the application of a multiisotope analytical method, using gas chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Analytes were collected by cryogenic trapping of the gaseous species. This trapping has allowed us to probe volatile tin compounds by detecting both 118 Sn and 120 Sn isotopes. Volatile organic tin compounds have been determined in both sediment and water. They could result from both natural methylation and hydridization processes of inorganic tin (R n R′ 4-n Sn; R ) Me, R′ ) H, n ) 0-4) and from anthropogenic butyltin derivatives released from ship antifouling paintings which have accumulated in sediments (R n R′ 4-n Sn; R ) Bu, R′ ) H or Me, n ) 0-3). The most ubiquitous species were found to be the methylated forms of butyltin derivatives (Bu n SnMe 4-n , n ) 0-3). These results suggest that biological and/or chemical methylation mechanisms are likely to occur in sediments and to lead to remobilization of tin species into the water column and subsequently to the atmosphere. Finally, sediment-water and wateratmosphere fluxes have been calculated to assess the potential impact of these processes on the fate of organotin compounds in coastal environments.

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“…Triphenyltin compounds are used in some antifouling paints and are extensively used in various pesticides (Blunden et al 1984). Other compounds, including mono-, di-and trimethyltins have also been found in coastal waters and may, in part, originate from the environmental methylation of tin (Donard, Rapsomanikis & Weber, 1986;Craig & Rapsomanikis, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Tri-N-Butyltin Chloride and Five other Organotin Compounds in Promoting the Development of Imposex in the Dog-Whelk, Nucella Lapillus

1988

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Dog-whelks, Nucella lapillus, already slightly affected by imposex, were exposed to dissolved tri-n-butyltin (TBT) and other organotins at nominal sea water concentrations of 200 ng/1 (as tin) for 14 d and then returned to the shore for up to 203 d. In response to TBT, the penes of females increased in size and the relative penis size (RPS) index rose to 44% compared with 6% in the controls. For tri-n-propyltin (TPrT) the index increased significantly to 14 % but the increase caused by tetrabutyltin (TTBT) was only marginally significant. No effect was produced by dibutyltin (DBT) or triphenyltin (TPhT). However, analyses of the tissues showed that the less effective compounds were not as efficiently accumulated as TBT or TPrT.To overcome the problem of differential absorption through the body wall, organotins were injected. Females were then maintained in the laboratory for up to 105 d. Again TBT was most effective in promoting imposex, but the effect of TTBT was now appreciably greater than that of TPrT. Injections of DBT, TPhT and monobutyltin had no effect on imposex. It is concluded that the development of imposex in N. lapillus is not a totally specific response to TBT since a similar but much smaller response is caused by TPrT; the latter does not appear to result from TBT contamination of the compound used. However, the effect of TTBT is probably caused by contamination with TBT and by its degradation to TBT in the body tissues of N. lapillus.

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Formation of tetramethyltin from trimethyltin precursors in sediment environments

Cited by 14 publications

References 24 publications

Detection of Volatile Organometal Chloride Species in Model Atmosphere above Seawater and Sediment

Detection of Volatile Organometal Chloride Species in Model Atmosphere above Seawater and Sediment

Volatilization of Organotin Compounds from Estuarine and Coastal Environments

A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Tri-N-Butyltin Chloride and Five other Organotin Compounds in Promoting the Development of Imposex in the Dog-Whelk, Nucella Lapillus

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