Formation of TiC x during reactive spark plasma sintering of mechanically milled Ti/carbon nanotube mixtures

Vasanthakumar, K.; Karthiselva, N.S.; Chawake, Niraj; Bakshi, Srinivasa Rao

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.03.216

Cited by 65 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…% GNSs sintered for 5 h had the highest value of hardness (about 613 HV). This hardness was about twice the hardness of the carbon block/titanium composite produced by Thotsaphon et al [46] and 52% higher than the titanium composite reinforced with carbon nanotubes produced by Vasanthakumar et al [47]. This comparison indicates a higher effect of GNSs in improving the hardness of the titanium composite compared to those reinforcements.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Effect of Graphene Nanosheets Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Matrix Composite Produced by Cold Pressing and Sintering

et al. 2018

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The effect of graphene nanosheet (GNS) reinforcement on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the titanium matrix composite has been discussed. For this purpose, composites with various GNS contents were prepared by cold pressing and sintering at various time periods. Density calculation by Archimedes’ principle revealed that Ti/GNSs composites with reasonable high density (more than 99.5% of theoretical density) were produced after sintering for 5 h. Microstructural analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) showed that TiC particles were formed in the matrix during the sintering process as a result of a titanium reaction with carbon. Higher GNS content as well as sintering time resulted in an increase in TiC particle size and volume fraction. Microhardness and shear punch tests demonstrated considerable improvement of the specimens’ mechanical properties with the increment of sintering time and GNS content up to 1 wt. %. The microhardness and shear strength of 1 wt. % GNS composites were enhanced from 316 HV and 610 MPa to 613 HV and 754 MPa, respectively, when composites sintered for 5 h. It is worth mentioning that the formation of the agglomerates of unreacted GNSs in 1.5 wt. % GNS composites resulted in a dramatic decrease in mechanical properties.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Effect of Graphene Nanosheets Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Matrix Composite Produced by Cold Pressing and Sintering

et al. 2018

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“…The chemical composition of the white and black regions was identified by point EDS and is shown in Table S2. Carbon pick up during wet milling from toluene and its subsequent increase during SPS due to the graphite dies is well documented 34,35 . The Ni-Sn rich phase can possibly be Ni 3 Sn 4 phase, which is the most readily formed phase in Ni-Sn system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ti2NiCoSnSb - a new half-Heusler type high-entropy alloy showing simultaneous increase in Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity for thermoelectric applications

Karati

Nagini

Ghosh

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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A new single phase high entropy alloy, Ti 2 NiCoSnSb with half-Heusler (HH) structure is synthesized for the first time by vacuum arc melting (VAM) followed by ball-milling (BM). The BM step is necessary to obtain the single phase. Local electrode atom probe (LEAP) analysis showed that the elements are homogeneously and randomly distributed in the HH phase without any clustering tendency. When the BM was carried out for 1 hour on the VAM alloy, microcrystalline alloy is obtained with traces of Sn as secondary phase. When BM was carried out for 5 h, single HH phase formation is realized in nanocrystalline form. However, when the BM samples were subjected to Spark plasma sintering (SPS), secondary phases were formed by the decomposition of primary phase. Nanostructuring leads to simultaneous increase in S and σ with increasing temperature. The micro (1 h BM-SPS) and nanocrystalline (5 h BM-SPS) alloys exhibited a power factor (S 2 σ) of 0.57 and 1.02 mWm −1 K −2 , respectively, at 860 K. The microcrystalline sample had a total thermal conductivity similar to bulk TiNiSn sample. The nanocrystalline alloy exhibited a ZT of 0.047 at 860 K. The microcrystalline alloy showed a ZT to 0.144 at 860 K, in comparison to the nanocrystalline alloy.

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“…For longer milling durations (such as 15 h), the average size of milled TC4 powders (≈1.5 um) was smaller than that with milling time of 2 h. In fact, the fine grain/ultrafine grain Ti particles possess high activity and large specific surface area. [ 29,30 ] When the mixed composite powders are subjected to long‐time ball milling process, some Ti atoms and carbon atoms are interdiffused, and Ti atoms are quickly diffused to the highly reactive and amorphous carbon defects region, and then react with active carbon atoms of defects region to form TiC particles (Figure 2e,f). Furthermore, the HEBM is a nonequilibrium process of material preparation technology.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decrease in intensity of α‐Ti in the milled powders can be linked to the formation of the interfacial products during the ball milling. [ 30 ] After 15 h milling, Figure 3a shows a new peak located at ≈38.6°, which is attributed to that of TiC (200) (PDF# 02‐4902). No GNPs are detected in the composite powders.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled Interfacial Reactions and Superior Mechanical Properties of High Energy Ball Milled/Spark Plasma Sintered Ti–6Al–4V–Graphene Composite

et al. 2021

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Ball milling process has become one of the effective methods for dispersing graphene nanoplates (GNPs) uniformly into matrix; however, there are often serious issues of structural integrity and interfacial reactions of GNPs with matrix. Herein, GNPs/Ti‐6Al‐4V (GNPs/TC4) composites are synthesized using high energy ball milling (HEBM) and spark plasma sintering. Effects of ball milling on microstructural evolution and interfacial reactions of GNPs/TC4 composite powders during HEBM are investigated. As ball milling time increase, particles size of TC4 is first increased (e.g., ≈104.15 μm, 5 h), but then decreased to ≈1.5 μm (15 h), which is much smaller than that of original TC4 powders (≈86.8 μm). TiC phases are in situ formed on the surfaces of TC4 particles when ball milling time is 10Thinsp;h. GNPs/TC4 composites exhibit 36–103% increase in compressive yield strength and 57–78% increase in hardness than those of TC4 alloy, whereas the ductility is reduced from 28% to 7% with an increase of ball milling time (from 2 to 15 h). A good balance between high strength (1.9 GPa) and ductility (17%) of GNPs/TC4 composites is achieved when the ball milling time is 10 h, attributing to the synergistic effects of grain refinement strengthening, solid solution strengthening, and load transfer strengthening from GNPs and in situ formed TiC.

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Formation of TiC x during reactive spark plasma sintering of mechanically milled Ti/carbon nanotube mixtures

Cited by 65 publications

References 86 publications

Effect of Graphene Nanosheets Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Matrix Composite Produced by Cold Pressing and Sintering

Effect of Graphene Nanosheets Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Matrix Composite Produced by Cold Pressing and Sintering

Ti2NiCoSnSb - a new half-Heusler type high-entropy alloy showing simultaneous increase in Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity for thermoelectric applications

Controlled Interfacial Reactions and Superior Mechanical Properties of High Energy Ball Milled/Spark Plasma Sintered Ti–6Al–4V–Graphene Composite

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