Formation Processes of the Lead-Acid Battery Negative Plates

Abstract

The advance of the processes within the bulk of the negative plate upon formation in sulfuric acid was studied by electron‐microprobe and x‐ray diffraction experiments and by microscopic observations. It was found that besides the electrochemical reaction of the formation of sponge lead there were also chemical reactions of the formation of lead sulfate which remain included in the lead network of crystals. The electrochemical reduction of lead sulfate takes place after the consumption of lead oxide and tribasic lead sulfate present in the paste. The elementary chemical and electrochemical reactions as well as their mutual relationships are determined as the basis of these measurements.The change in total porosity and pore size distribution during formation of the lead‐acid battery negative plate was studied. Upon formation, both the pore radii and the porosity of the active mass increase. The electrocrystallization processes of lead during formation are also discussed. Upon reduction of 3normalPbO·PbSO4·H2Onormaland PbO a lead crystal network is formed in the first stage. During the second stage, lead, obtained by reduction of lead sulfate, is deposited on the network.

The SEM Observation of the Potentiostatic Oxidation of Lead Sulfate on a Gold Plate in Sulfuric Acid Solution

“…As the zinc electrode is oxidized, the reaction product reacts with the KOH electrolyte to form zincates, e.g., K2Zn(OH)4. The decomposition of the zincates releases OH ions which can then become available for additional zinc discharge provided that the discharge current is small enough so that it does not outrun reaction [5]. The zincates are metastable with respect to ZnO and very slowly decompose according to Eq.…”

“…The oxidation of lead to lead dioxide was also investigated in order to develop a model of the anodic film on lead in sulfuric acid solutions (4)(5)(6). The anodic film consists of lead dioxide, lead sulfate, and divalent lead compounds thermodynamically impossible in an acidic environment.…”

Influence of ultrasonic waves on the formation of lead-acid batteries

“…The formation of the negative plates also occurs in two stages, which is described in papers [4,6,10,11]; at the end of the formation certain reactions such as the decomposition of water on the negative plates into H 2 and O 2 on the positive plates take place. The absorbed gas layers are received on the surfaces of the plates which increases the cell voltage due to the increased polarization of the lead cells.…”

Eletrodos positivos tubulares para baterias chumbo ácidas produzidas com material ativo nanométrico

“…1 A estrutura de partículas agregadas, que pode ser descrita pelo "modelo de aglomerado de esferas", 2 é gerada no processo convencional de formação da placa, ou seja, partículas desconexas de um material precursor (uma mistura de PbO + Pb 3 O 4 ) são submetidas aos processos de cura e formação para produzir partículas interconectadas de PbO 2 ativo. A resistência mecânica e elétrica, assim como o coeficiente de utilização da placa, dependem de uma boa conexão entre as partículas e, portanto, dos processos de cura e formação.…”