Formation, Use and Chronology of Celtic Fields: New Perspectives from the Groningen Celtic Field Research Programme

Abstract

Targeted excavations of Dutch Celtic fields (Dutch: raatakkers) have yielded much-needed data on the ways in which Celtic fields developed and were used over time. This type of later prehistoric field system is common to gently undulating upland landscapes consisting of Saalian and Weichselian deposits, which were frequently affected by podzolisation. As direct dating of the use-period of Celtic fields is difficult, the Groningen Celtic field research programme employs combined archaeological, AMS-and OSL-dating of bank sediments. Using such dates, use-histories starting in the Middle Bronze Age and lasting well into the Roman era could be shown. Detailed palaeo-botanical analyses of bank sediments suggest that soil and plants from wetland parts were taken to settlements to be used as byre-bedding, after which they were enriched with household refuse (sherds, ash, charcoal) and carted-off to the fields to be used as manure. The locations of such settlements remain difficult to establish, as the chronological relations between settlement features and locations of banks are often unclear. Moreover, despite the fact that botanical macro-remains and pollen inform us on the types of crops cultivated, details of (changes in) the agricultural cycles still escape us.

Field systems and later prehistoric land use: New insights into land use detectability and palaeodemography in the Netherlands through LiDAR, automatic detection and traditional field data

“…At Hijken (Arnoldussen & de Vries, 2014), Peelo (Kooi & de Langen, 1987) and Westeinde (Arnoldussen & de Vries, 2017), Early Iron Age houses were excavated within Celtic field systems. For the Middle and Late Iron Age, Sellingen (van Giffen, 1939, 90), Vaassen (Brongers, 1976, 40–55), Wekerom (Arnoldussen & Scheele, 2014) and Hijken (Arnoldussen & de Vries, 2014) have similarly yielded house plans within the Celtic field confines (Figure 6).…”

“…Overview of excavated Celtic fields with Iron Age habitation. (a) Wekerom–Lunteren: after Van Klaveren 1986; Arnoldussen & Scheele, 2014: 15 fig. 8), (b) Peelo–Kleuvenveld (after Kooi & de Langen, 1987; Kooi, 1979).…”

“…Top left: Example of the vast surface area of later prehistoric field systems known as raatakkers (Celtic fields; blue) near the hamlets of Lunteren and Wekerom (cf. Arnoldussen & Scheele, 2014), spanning areas of up to 1.9 km 2 . Top right: The same Celtic fields (blue) on a current topographical map, showing forest in dark green, agricultural fields in light green and drift sand in grey.…”