Formic, acetic, oxalic, malonic and succinic acid concentrations and their contribution to organic carbon in cloud water

Löflund, M; Kasper‐Giebl, Anne; Schuster, B; Giebl, H.; Hitzenberger, R.; Puxbaum, Hans

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(01)00573-8

Cited by 131 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Among the three major ionic species, the strongest correlation (R 2 =0.86) is found with NH + 4 , that derives from both anthropogenic and natural emissions, the weakest correlation occurs with NO − 3 (R 2 =0.73). However, no significant correlation is found with BC, a tracer for anthropogenic air masses; this is contrary to the findings of Löflund et al (2002) who found that an increase in BC concentrations coincided with elevated organic acid concentrations of various acids, especially during several events. On the other hand, very high levels of DOC can be found in clouds in the presence of polluted air masses, accompanied by a characteristic high TIC (up to 15 mg l −1 ) and high levels of N CPC .…”

Section: Organic Speciescontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…The concentration of DOC ranges from 1.2 mg l −1 to 8.9 mg l −1 (15.4 mg l −1 for event #14), with a median of 3.6 mg l −1 . These values are similar to levels measured in clouds at Mount Rax (Löflund et al, 2002). The correlation between DOC and TIC is significant (R 2 =0.78), although the relationship is characterized by significant scattering.…”

Section: Organic Speciessupporting

confidence: 81%

“…In contrast, in samples at low concentrations NH The average nitrate to sulphate equivalent ratio is 1.28, and is higher than ratios obtained for cloud water samples collected at Whiteface Mountain (Khwaja et al, 1995) or at various sites in the United States (Weathers et al, 1988), where the ratio ranged from 0.13 to 0.53. However, a similar ratio of 1.1 was found by Löflund et al (2002) at Mount Rax (Austria, 1400 m a.s.l.). The nitrate to sulphate ratio has been used as an indicator of the remoteness of a site by Weathers et al (1988); indeed a value of 0.53 was found in the Czech Krusne Hory plateau (Bridges et al, 2002), 0.6 in the Vosges Mountains and 0.72 at Jungfraujoch : the nitrate to sulphate ratio clearly increases with remoteness of the sampling site.…”

Section: Inorganic Substancessupporting

confidence: 78%

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Cloud chemistry at the Puy de Dôme: variability and relationships with environmental factors

et al. 2004

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Abstract. The chemical composition of cloud water was investigated during the winter-spring months of 2001 and 2002 at the Puy de Dôme station (1465 m above sea level, 45 • 46 22 N, 2 • 57 43 E) in an effort to characterize clouds in the continental free troposphere. Cloud droplets were sampled with single-stage cloud collectors (cut-off diameter approximately 7 µm) and analyzed for inorganic and organic ions, as well as total dissolved organic carbon. Results show a very large variability in chemical composition and total solute concentration of cloud droplets, ranging from a few mg l −1 to more than 150 mg l −1 . Samplings can be classified in three different categories with respect to their total ionic content and relative chemical composition: background continental (BG, total solute content lower than 18 mg l −1 ), anthropogenic continental (ANT, total solute content from 18 to 50 mg l −1 ), and special events (SpE, total solute content higher than 50 mg l −1 ). The relative chemical composition shows an increase in anthropogenic-derived species (NO We observed a high contribution of solute in cloud water derived from the dissolution of gas phase species in all cloud events. This was evident from large solute fractions of nitrate, ammonium and mono-carboxylic acids in cloud water, relative to their abundance in the aerosol phase. The comparison between droplet and aerosol composition clearly shows the limited ability of organic aerosols to act as cloud condensation nuclei. The strong contribution of gas-phase species limits the establishment of direct relationships between cloud water solute concentration and LWC that are expected from nucleation scavenging.

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Section: Organic Speciescontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Organic Speciessupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Inorganic Substancessupporting

confidence: 78%

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Cloud chemistry at the Puy de Dôme: variability and relationships with environmental factors

et al. 2004

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“…Although rain acidity is historically linked to inorganic acids like H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 , a number of studies has shown the importance of the contribution of organic acids, mainly formic, acetic and oxalic acids (Avery et al, 2001;Kawamura et al, 2001;Keene and Galloway, 1984;Loflund et al, 2002;Souza et al, 1999;Tanner and Law, 2003). These organic acids contribute significantly to rainwater acidity in urban areas (Fornaro and Ivano, 2003;Kawamura et al, 2001;Pena et al, 2002;Sakugawa et al, 1993) and account for as much as 80e90% of the acidity in remote areas of the world (Andreae et al, 1988;Keene and Galloway, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical characteristics and sources of organic acids in precipitation at a semi-urban site in Southwest China

Zhang

Lee

Cao

2011

Atmospheric Environment

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“…Extensive measurements of carboxylic acids have been conducted in gas phase, aqueous phase (rainwater, fog, cloud.) and in aerosol (Millet et al 1997;Khare et al 1999;Löflund et al 2002), which suggest primary and secondary sources are the major sources of carboxylic acids in atmosphere. Primary sources include the direct emission from vehicles (Kawamura et al 1985), soils , oceans (Graedel and Eisner 1988), ants as well as biomass burning (Hartmann et al 1989).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Urban and rural observations of carboxylic acids in rainwater in Southwest of China: the impact of urbanization

Xu¹,

Lee

2009

J Atmos Chem

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Seven carboxylic acids in rainwater were simultaneously determined using ion chromatography for 13 months in two different sites, Guiyang and Shangzhong, southwest of China. Results showed formic, acetic and oxalic acids were the three predominant carboxylic acids. Their volume-weighted average concentrations were 14.24, 9.35, 2.79 μmol/L in Guiyang and 4.95, 1.35, 2.31 μmol/L in Shangzhong, respectively. A distinctive diurnal pattern in carboxylic acid concentrations (daytime>nighttime, t test, p<0.05) was observed during the growing season in Guiyang. Shangzhong witnessed higher concentration of these acids during the growing season than that during the non-growing season. Direct emissions from growing vegetation or soils probably account for the main provenance of the acids in the rural area. However, the opposite trend were found in Guiyang and the anthropogenic sources during the non-growing season were the main reason. By comparison of our result with the previous data about 20 years ago, we calculated that at least 42% of acetic acids and 69% of formic acid originated from the anthropogenic sources in Guiyang. Furthermore, the ratio of formate/acetate in gas phase larger than 1 suggest the oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons from the human activity and/or natural sources were the main origin of carboxylic acids in Guiyang. While The F/A ratio in gas phase was less than 1 in Shangzhong which indicate the direct emissions from biogenic sources. Oxalic acid was in similar amounts in both sites, indicating the common source of the acid.

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Formic, acetic, oxalic, malonic and succinic acid concentrations and their contribution to organic carbon in cloud water

Cited by 131 publications

References 19 publications

Cloud chemistry at the Puy de Dôme: variability and relationships with environmental factors

Cloud chemistry at the Puy de Dôme: variability and relationships with environmental factors

Chemical characteristics and sources of organic acids in precipitation at a semi-urban site in Southwest China

Urban and rural observations of carboxylic acids in rainwater in Southwest of China: the impact of urbanization

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