2019
DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.03.004
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Formic acid assisted liquefaction of lignin in water and ethanol, investigated for a 0.025 and a 5 L batch reactor: Comparison of yields and compositions of the products

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Cited by 21 publications
(14 citation statements)
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“…This promotional effect was attributed to the ability of formic acid to facilitate the further degradation of aromatic oligomers to monomers through hydrogenolysis and the stabilization of the unstable reactive monomers via hydrogenation. 53 This phenomenon was also observed in a previous work investigated by Holmelid et al , 54 who stated that formic acid has a dual effect of improving the liquid product yield as well as serving to prevent the repolymerization reaction. Shao et al 14 reported that the use of formic acid with organic solvents benefited the depolymerization of lignin.…”
Section: Bio-oil/liquid Product Characterizationsupporting
confidence: 70%
“…This promotional effect was attributed to the ability of formic acid to facilitate the further degradation of aromatic oligomers to monomers through hydrogenolysis and the stabilization of the unstable reactive monomers via hydrogenation. 53 This phenomenon was also observed in a previous work investigated by Holmelid et al , 54 who stated that formic acid has a dual effect of improving the liquid product yield as well as serving to prevent the repolymerization reaction. Shao et al 14 reported that the use of formic acid with organic solvents benefited the depolymerization of lignin.…”
Section: Bio-oil/liquid Product Characterizationsupporting
confidence: 70%
“…In a previous study reported by Ghoreishi et al (2019), the highest oil yields from the Eucalyptus lignin-rich residue were achieved at reaction temperatures up to 350 °C. 35 Thus, all experiments related to this study are conducted at reaction temperatures up to 350 °C. In another study reported by Ghoreishi et al (2019), stirred reactions (400 rpm) were shown to yield higher amounts of oils compared to nonstirred reactions (0 rpm), and in the same study, a positive correlation was observed between the level of loading in the reactor and the oil yield.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The superior performance of ethanol was mainly due to the following reasons: (i) the formation of ester compounds, (ii) the C-alkylation of fragments, and (iii) the stabilization of lignin derivatives. Similar findings were reported by Ghoreishi et al where the ethanol-formic acid reaction system resulted in 36–52 wt % bio-oil yield compared with 20–50 wt % oil yield in a water-formic acid medium …”
Section: Formic Acid As the In Situ Hydrogen Donormentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Similar findings were reported by Ghoreishi et al where the ethanol-formic acid reaction system resulted in 36−52 wt % bio-oil yield compared with 20−50 wt % oil yield in a waterformic acid medium. 53 Considering the respective advantages of ethanol and water as liquefaction medium, mixed solvents of ethanol−water together with formic acid as an in situ hydrogen donor were utilized in reductive depolymerization of kraft lignin (KL) by Huang et al 38 Depolymerization of KL in ethanol−water mixed solvent (50/50 v/v) with the in situ hydrogen donor produced ∼90 wt % yield of depolymerized lignin (DL) with <1 wt % yield of solid residue (SR) at the optimal operating conditions (300 °C, 1 h). Compared with the ethanol-formic acid system, the ethanol−water-formic acid system was more active as water could contribute to the hydrolysis of ether bonds in lignin structure.…”
Section: Formic Acid As the In Situ Hydrogen Donormentioning
confidence: 99%
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