Forming and formability of 3D printed thermoplastics

Mustakangas, Aappo; Iso-Junno, Terho; Jokelainen, Tero; Keskitalo, Markku; Mäntyjärvi, Kari

doi:10.1063/1.5112688

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…From the literature, no known standard was found to directly test the thermoformability characteristics of a multi-material layered plastic. In most cases, specific test methods such as bending and molding were set to address the needs of the products [ 4 , 24 , 27 , 28 ]. In order to evaluate the ease of the multi-material specimen to change shape under load and the thermoforming temperature for the purpose of this paper, a simple cantilever bending experiment was proposed.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Test setups in the literature were set based on the characteristics of the product of their interest. This has been evidenced by different test methods by various researchers [ 4 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Ekşi investigated the thermoforming of a 3D-printed part by evaluating the shape accuracy of the product being thermoformed into a mold [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Although the product produced by this method is rigid and accurate, the deposition process time is long to create a three-dimensional (3D) object [ 3 ]. In order to minimize the time consumption for creating a 3D object using the FDM process, various techniques have been studied, including creation of 3D objects via post-deposition shape modification of a flattened object via the thermoforming method [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ekşi investigated the thermoforming of a 3D-printed part by evaluating the shape accuracy of the product being thermoformed into a mold [ 24 ]. Mustakangas et al studied the thermoformability of 3D-printed PLA specimens by pressing them into an arch shape under a fixed temperature of 100 °C [ 4 ]. These methods were limited to a single-material product and are not suitable to evaluate the adhesion between the multi-material part.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermoforming Characteristics of PLA/TPU Multi-Material Specimens Fabricated with Fused Deposition Modelling under Different Temperatures

2022

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Multi-material products are required in fused deposition modelling (FDM) to meet a desired specification such as a rigid structure with soft material for impact protection. This paper focuses on the thermoformability and shape recovery characteristics of three-dimensional (3D)-printed multi-material specimens under different thermoforming temperatures. The multi-material specimens consist of polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The PLA/TPU specimens were prepared by depositing the TPU component on top of the PLA component using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) machine. Simple thermoforming tests were proposed, where the specimens were bent under load and molded into a circular shape at different thermoforming temperatures. The bent specimens were then reheated at 60 °C to evaluate their shape memory ability. The test results were quantified into apparent bending modulus and shape recovery percentage. The PLA/TPU specimens showed a better apparent bending modulus of 143 MPa than a PLA specimen at a temperature between 60 °C to 90 °C. However, only the PLA/TPU specimens being thermoformed into a circular shape at 100 °C or greater showed good shape retention accuracy and interfacial surface bonding. The PLA/TPU specimens that were thermoformed at 60 °C to 90 °C showed reasonable shape memory of about 60% recovery when reheated. Finally, suitable thermoforming temperatures for thermoforming PLA/TPU specimens were suggested based on design needs.

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Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Thermoforming Characteristics of PLA/TPU Multi-Material Specimens Fabricated with Fused Deposition Modelling under Different Temperatures

2022

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“…Different plastics can offer such characteristics, however, their behaviour can vary considerably and affect the geometrical characteristics of the final object. In this first experiment, we evaluated four commonly available thermoplastics for 3D Printing [13]: Polylactic Acid (PLA), Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), Polypropylene (PP) and a Glycol Modified version of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET-G). The experiment consists of 3D printing from pellets a custom specimen that resembles a simple formwork, based on an open parallelepiped of dimensions 500 x 500 x 40 mm with a wall thickness of 4 mm and a layer height of 1 mm.…”

Section: Materials Experiment: Assessment Of Thermoplastics For Additive Fdm Formworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution Additive Formwork for Building-Scale Concrete Panels

Naboni

Breseghello

2020

RILEM Bookseries

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The paper discusses the technical developments in using 3D printed reusable formworks for the production of high-resolution building-scale concrete panels. The research looks at innovation in the production of concrete elements and extends current design possibilities with economically viable moulds. The relation occurring between the presented manufacturing technique, namely Fused Deposition Modelling 3D printing, and diverse designed morphologies is studied, assessing limits and opportunities of the application through an experimental setup. The first experiment analyzes a set of thermoplastics to identify suitable materials for the specific application in concrete formworks. The second experiment tests a consistent workflow for the digital modelling and optimization, 3D printing and concrete casting of a series of unique panels that challenge the formal possibilities of concrete manufacturing. The outcomes are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, in terms of formal possibilities offered by the approach, material behaviour, ease of manufacturing, and achievable precision, discussed for relevant applications in architectural envelopes.

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