Forming perchlorates on Mars through plasma chemistry during dust events

Wu, Zhongchen; Wang, Alian; Farrell, W. M.; Yan, Y. C.; Wang, Kun; Houghton, Jennifer; Jackson, W. Andrew

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.08.040

Cited by 47 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…During a normal glow discharge (ESD-NGD) in simulated Mars atmospheric composition and pressure, the following free radicals, CO 2+ , CO + , O I , H III , H II , OH, Ar I , N 2 , and N 2 + (and not excluding O 2 , NO, and O + because of the overlapping of plasma lines used for detection), were detected instantaneously by an in situ plasma emission spectroscopic probe ( Figure S3), and O 3 was detected in the output gas by UV and mid-IR spectroscopy (Wu et al, 2018). H 2 O 2 and •OH productions were detected in a simulated saltation experiment on silicates upon contact of water (Bak et al, 2017).…”

Section: Generation Of Esd By Dust Events Free Radicals and Chemicamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It means that the M-Cl bonds in first group of chlorides are ionic, whereas those in the second group are polar covalent. Because the ESD process on chlorides also generate oxychlorates and carbonates (Wu et al, 2018), we are conducting quantitation of other species in the solid products from 7-hr ESD on these chlorides using sequential ion chromatography-mass spectroscopy-mass spectroscopy (IC-MS-MS), which might help us to put together a complete understanding of the chemical reactions involved.…”

Section: /2019je006283mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following reactions might occur (selected from Table 1 of Wilson et al, 2016, M represents the buffer gas molecule that participates in the collisions) when Cl-I encounter any of the free radicals CO 2 + , CO + , O I , O 2 , O + , and O 3 (observed during ESD in CO 2 , Wu et al, 2018),…”

Section: Cl-bearing Films Deposited On Upper Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chlorine Release From Common Chlorides by Martian Dust Activity

et al. 2020

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Chlorine is one of the highly mobile elements that participated in early aqueous chemistry and later alteration in Mars history. Our new experimental results suggest that chlorine could cycle on present‐day Mars between the atmosphere and surface, driven by multiphase redox plasma chemistry induced by current Martian dust activity (dust storms, dust devils, and grain saltation). We present two sets of experimental results that demonstrate the instantaneous release of chlorine from seven common chlorides during a medium strength electrostatic discharge (ESD) process that induced plasma chemistry in a Mars environmental chamber. Results include (1) the direct detection of a plasma emission line at 837.8 nm of the first excited state of the Cl atom (Cl‐I) by in situ plasma spectroscopy during the ESD process for MgCl2, FeCl2, and AlCl3 and (2) the characterization of Cl‐bearing phases in the films deposited on the upper electrode after 7 hr of ESD exposure on each of seven chlorides (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, FeCl2, AlCl3, and FeCl3), using Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This study is part of a series of laboratory investigations on the Martian atmosphere and surface interaction induced by electrochemistry.

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Section: Generation Of Esd By Dust Events Free Radicals and Chemicamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: /2019je006283mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chlorine Release From Common Chlorides by Martian Dust Activity

et al. 2020

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“…This growth included planetary exploration-specific Raman methodology, such as the Raman point counting for quantification of mineral proportions in planetary surface rocks and soils, [18] as well as the new wave of using Raman spectroscopy in planetary science investigations, including the detailed studies of extraterrestrial materials (meteorites, presolar particles, and Apollo samples), [19][20][21][22] as well as the field exploration at analog site [23] and in situ simulation experiments under extreme environmental conditions relevant to planetary surface explorations. [24,25] The most serious impediment in the application of Raman spectroscopy to terrestrial samples, either in the field or in laboratories, is the fluorescence emission induced by the laser source. Fluorescence emission from a geological sample, rock or soil, can be generated by various sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of fluorescence emission from extraterrestrial materials and its significance for planetary Raman spectroscopy

Wang

Wei

Korotev

2019

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Fluorescence emission has been a serious impediment in the application of Raman spectroscopy to terrestrial geologic samples. It is largely unknown how significant the fluorescence problem would affect Raman analyses during a planetary surface exploration mission. We have completed a set of two experimental studies to quantitatively evaluate the fluorescence emission excited by multiple wavelengths from a set of 21 stony meteorites that represent 98.9% (by types) of all stony meteorites collected, named, and classified worldwide. Our data revealed a general trend, that is, the non‐Raman emission intensities of extraterrestrial materials are two to three orders of magnitude lower than those of typical terrestrial clays and the soils from hyperarid Mars‐analog region (Atacama Desert). Based on >4,500 Raman spectra (excited by continuous wave [continuous wave] 532‐nm laser line) obtained by auto‐scans on these 21 meteorites, we found that the average percentage of informative Raman spectra is nearly 98%, with a standard deviation of 2% and the lowest value of 93%. We also found that the information on major and minor mineral phases revealed by our multispots Raman measurements are consistent with those published in Meteoritic Bulletin database for the examined meteorites. In conclusion, our experimental results demonstrated that the fluorescence interference that sometimes concealed the Raman signals of terrestrial samples would not be a threat to planetary Raman spectroscopy that uses CW 532‐nm laser line for excitation. This conclusion is consistent with the in situ fluorescence observations made during two missions on Mars and with many Raman spectroscopic studies of lunar rocks and soils returned by Apollo missions.

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“…Furthermore, charged particles injected high in the air could form strong electric fields with the particles near the surface or the surface itself, and would further alter the trajectories and charging properties of the saltating particles (Schmidt et al, 1998;Zheng et al, 2003;Kok and Renno, 2008). Chemistry (tribochemistry) could also be driven by the charging processes, where the mechanical energy could be turned into chemical energy during a local discharge, and could alter the chemical properties of the charged grains (Thomas and Beauchamp, 2014;Wu et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single particle triboelectrification of Titan sand analogs

Hörst

et al. 2020

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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Sand electrification is important for aeolian sediment transportation on terrestrial bodies with silicate sand as the main sediment composition. However, it has not been thoroughly studied for icy bodies such as Titan with organic sand as the main dune-forming material. We used the colloidal probe atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique to study triboelectric charging processes using Titan and Earth sand analogs. We found that it is easy to generate triboelectric charges between naphthalene (a simple aromatic hydrocarbon), polystyrene (an aromatic hydrocarbon polymer), and borosilicate glass (Earth silicate sand analog). Strong electrostatic forces can be measured after contact and/or tribocharging. In contrast, tholin, a complex organic material, does not generate any detectable electrostatic forces with contact or tribocharging within the detection limit of the instrument. If Titan sand behaves more like tholin, this indicates that the tribocharging capacity of Titan sand is much weaker than Earth silicate sand and much less than previously measured by Méndez-Harper et al., (2017), where only simple organics were used for Titan sand analogs. Thus, triboelectrification may not contribute to increasing interparticle forces between sand particles on Titan as much as on Earth. Interparticle forces generated by other electrostatic processes or other interparticle forces such as van der Waals and capillary cohesion forces could be the dominant interparticle forces that govern Titan sand formation and sediment transportation on the surface. Titan sand is also unlikely to produce large electrical discharge through tribocharging to affect future missions to Titan's surface.

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Forming perchlorates on Mars through plasma chemistry during dust events

Cited by 47 publications

References 62 publications

Chlorine Release From Common Chlorides by Martian Dust Activity

Chlorine Release From Common Chlorides by Martian Dust Activity

Quantification of fluorescence emission from extraterrestrial materials and its significance for planetary Raman spectroscopy

Single particle triboelectrification of Titan sand analogs

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