Formoterol synergy with des-ciclesonide inhibits IL-4 expression in IgE/antigen-induced mast cells by inhibiting JNK activation

Inflammatory mediator modulation by Short- and Long-Acting β2 Agonists in Induced Bronchial Asthma in Rats

“…The present study revealed that salbutamol and bambuterol significantly reduced IL-4 in both lung tissues and alveolar cells that were in consistence with the previously reported data (Sun et al, 2015) and In contradiction to previous reports which documented that β2 agonists do not affect the expression of IL-4 (Barnes, 1999), such decrease in the IL-4 generation may be due to species variation, but also to variations in the sensitization conditions used.…”

“…Glucocorticoids and β2 agonists are the mainstays in the treatment of asthma. In previous studies, the addition of long-acting β2 agonists to glucocorticoids is recommended for patients not controlled with glucocorticoids alone instead of increase the dose of glucocorticoids (KIPS et al, 2000;Pauwels et al, 1997;Peters et al, 2016;Sun et al, 2015). These combinations are to achieve greater therapeutic benefits in the treatment of asthma as they improve the lungs' function and decrease exacerbation (Sin andMan, 2006).…”

Long‐term effects: Galectin‐1 and specific immunotherapy for allergic responses in the intestine

“…Other investigators also found that sensitized mast cells were activated to release Th2 cytokines on exposure to specific antigens in the culture. 31 The Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4, can increase the expression of GATA3 in CD4 + T cells 32 ; the GATA3 interferes with the activities of Foxp3, 24 and thus interferes with the induction of Tregs.…”

Copper-Catalyzed N-Formylation of Amines through Tandem Amination/Hydrolysis/Decarboxylation Reaction of Ethyl Bromodifluoroacetate

“…The N -formylation of amines is an important and useful reaction in synthetic chemistry because this transformation provides direct access for the synthesis of structurally diverse formamides, which are widely featured in natural products or pharmaceuticals . For example, leucovorin, formoterol, and orlistat contain the formamide moiety. In addition, N -formyl derivatives are very useful reagents in Vilsmeier formylation reactions and often used as the precursor to provide isocyanide, formamidines, aryl amides, isocyanates, and nitriles .…”