Forms, Frequency, and Correlates of Perceived Anti-Atheist Discrimination

Hammer, Joseph H.; Cragun, Ryan T.; Hwang, Karen; Smith, Jesse M.

doi:10.5334/snr.ad

Cited by 179 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Thus, it is important to investigate the ways that people who exist at the intersections of transgender and nonreligious identity experience, make sense of, and participate the cissexist and highly religious world around them. The insights from the present literature on both nonreligious and transgender experience show that the U.S. is a society dominated by religious norms (Barton 2012;Hammer et al 2012), and that nonreligious people (both those affiliated with nonreligious groups and not) work against this marginalization through various identity construction tactics (Cimino and Smith 2007;. Since religious institutions (Stack 2015;) -and religious (Urquhart 2015) and nonreligious leaders (Walker 2015) -have started to reproduce cissexism in their discussions of transgender people, it may be time for scholars of nonreligion to pay close attention to the ways that transgender existence intersects with nonreligious identity.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding on the Experiences of Transgender Nonreligious People: An Exploratory Analysis

Mathers

2017

Secularism and Nonreligion

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Building on research that points out the specific forms of marginalization that transgender and nonreligious people face in contemporary U.S. society, this exploratory analysis focuses on the experiences of transgender nonreligious people who were raised in religious households. Utilizing interviews with eleven formerly religious, now nonreligious, transgender people I draw out some of the future pathways scholars of nonreligion should take to better account for the lives of transgender nonreligious people in scholarship on nonreligion. Specifically, scholars of nonreligion should begin analyzing transgender nonreligious people's experiences in religious settings, with family, and with organizations and networks outside of religion. I conclude by discussing the ways this study can shed light on the broader processes by which inequality is reproduced and make suggestions for nonreligious leaders to make room for and listen to transgender people in nonreligious spaces.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding on the Experiences of Transgender Nonreligious People: An Exploratory Analysis

Mathers

2017

Secularism and Nonreligion

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“…Discrimination against atheists manifests in many overt ways as well, including slander and ostracism (HAMMER, CRAGUN, SMITH, 2012). In at least 13 countries, atheists, apostates, or blasphemers face legal consequences as severe as the death penalty (IHEU, 2014).…”

Section: Interpersonal Strugglementioning

confidence: 99%

Religious and Spiritual Struggles as Concerns for Health and Well-Being

2016

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People struggle with religion and spirituality in several ways, including challenges in trusting God, confronting supernatural evil, tolerating other perspectives on religion, maintaining moral propriety, finding existential meaning, and managing religious doubt. These religious and spiritual (R/S) struggles relate to both physical and mental health independently of other religious and distress factors. Causality in this connection needs further study, but evidence supports many potential causes and moderators of the link between R/S struggle and health. These include personality, social, and environmental influences, including traumatic experiences and subcultural differences. Many theoretical questions remain unresolved, including how change in R/S struggle can predict or be predicted by change in health and other connected constructs, and how one might intervene to aid those who struggle with religious or spiritual challenges. Nonetheless, research momentum has grown, having already produced a wealth of information that underscores the need for greater attention to this domain. R/S struggle poses an important exception to generally positive overall associations between religion and well-being, though even R/S struggle may promote growth. This review offers a brief introduction to emerging psychological theory and research on R/S struggle with an emphasis on its relevance to wellness and illness.Keywords: religion; spirituality; struggle; stress; well-being; health ResumoAs pessoas experimentam conflitos com a religião e a espiritualidade de vários modos, incluindo os desafios em confiar em Deus, o confronto com o mal sobrenatural, a tolerância em relação a outras perspectivas sobre a religião, a manutenção do decoro moral, a busca de um sentido existencial e o gerenciamento da dúvida religiosa. Esses conflitos religiosos e espirituais (R/S) dizem respeito tanto à saúde física quanto a mental, independentemente de outros fatores religiosos e de sofrimento. A relação de causa e efeito, neste contexto, necessita de mais estudos, mas há evidências que apoiam a existência de muitas causas potenciais e moderadoras da relação entre conflitos Religiosos/Espirituais (R/S) e saúde. Estas incluem personalidade, influências sociais e ambientais, incluindo as experiências traumáticas e diferenças culturais. Várias questões teóricas permanecem pendentes, incluindo como a mudança nos conflitos religiosos e espirituais (R/S) poderia prever ou ser prognóstico de mudança na saúde e outras questões afins, e como se pode intervir para ajudar aqueles que enfrentam conflitos religiosos ou espirituais. No entanto, embora o montante da pesquisa tenha crescido, tendo produzindo inclusive uma riqueza de informações, ressalta-se a necessidade de uma maior atenção nesse campo Os conflitos religiosos/espirituais (R/S) colocam uma importante questão para a associação geralmente positiva entre religião e bem estar, ainda que os conflitos religiosos/espirituais (R/S) possam promover crescimento. Esse estudo oferece uma breve introdu...

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“…A number of studies have considered the extent to which non-religious adults experience discrimination in the US, despite a lack of systematic research in this area. Cragun et al (2012) found that 22% of their sample reported some form of discrimination, most frequently in social or family contexts, whereas at least 75% of participants in the Hammer et al (2012) study had experienced a range of different types of discrimination, including witnessing antiatheist comments in the media, being expected to participate in religious prayers against one's will and being told one's atheism is sinful, wrong or immoral. The literature also includes many anecdotal illustrations of discrimination, including job dismissals, death threats, physical violence, family rejection, and denial of employment, service and membership of community organisations .…”

Section: Youth Citizenship and Social Cohesionmentioning

confidence: 99%