Formulating Nanomedicines: Focus on Carbon Nanotubes as Novel Nanoexcipients

Földvári, Marianna

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.441.53

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…However, several strategies have been developed to modify the CNTs' graphitic sidewalls, enabling the attachment of various chemical and biochemical moieties on the nanotubes' surface. The two main approaches are based on either covalent or non-covalent functionalization of CNTs with surfactants, block copolymers, and biopolymers (4,6,7,9,33,34,36). In addition to rendering hydrophilic character to CNTs so as to avoid their aggregation and increase the dispersibility in aqueous solution and biocompatibility, functionalized SWCNTs and MWCNTs have been found to bypass effectively the biological barriers with a high cellular uptake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PEGylated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Nanocarriers for Cyclosporin A Delivery

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have attracted the attention of many researchers due to their remarkable physicochemical features and have been found to be a new family of nanovectors for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. The ability of these nanostructures to load large amounts of drug molecules on their outer surface has been considered as the main advantage by many investigators. Here, we report the development of a PEGylated SWCNT-mediated delivery system for cyclosporin A (CsA) as a potent immunosuppressive agent. The available OH group in the CsA structure was first linked to a bifunctional linker (i.e., succinic anhydride) in order to provide a COOH terminal group. CsA succinylation process was optimized by using the modified simplex method. The resulting compound, CsA-CO-(CH 2 ) 2 -COOH, was then grafted onto the exterior surface of SWCNTs, previously PEGylated with phospholipid-PEG 5000 -NH 2 conjugates, through the formation of an amide bond with the free amine group of PEGylated SWCNTs. Drug loading, stability of the PEGylated SWCNT-CsA complex, and in vitro release of the drug were evaluated. Loading efficiencies of almost 72% and 68% were achieved by UV spectrophotometry and elemental analysis methods, respectively. It was observed that 57.3% of cyclosporine was released from CsA-Pl-PEG 5000 -SWCNTs after 3 days. In this investigation, we conjugated CsA to an amine-terminated phospholipid-polyethylene glycol chain attached on SWCNTs via a cleavable ester bond and demonstrated the possible potential of PEGylated SWCNT-based systems for CsA delivery.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PEGylated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Nanocarriers for Cyclosporin A Delivery

et al. 2013

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“…The progression of CNT-based nanomedicine formulations into a clinical setting will be dependent on enhanced characterization of their physicochemical and toxic properties as it relates to their use as bulk excipients. [18][19][20] Materials and methods Materials 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB), Chromasolv ® 99% purity grade, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). Single-walled CNTs and multi-walled CNTs with a manufacturer reported purity of .95% were purchased from several suppliers, ie, NanoIntegris Inc (Skokie, IL), Cheap Tubes Inc (Brattleboro, VT), NanoLab Inc (Newton, MA), and Unidym Inc (Sunnyvale, CA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceutical characterization of solid and dispersed carbon nanotubes as nanoexcipients

Földvári¹,

Иванова²,

Loureiro³

et al. 2012

IJN

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Background: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are novel materials with considerable potential in many areas related to nanomedicine. However, a major limitation in the development of CNT-based therapeutic nanomaterials is a lack of reliable and reproducible data describing their chemical and structural composition. Knowledge of properties including purity, structural quality, dispersion state, and concentration are essential before CNTs see widespread use in in vitro and in vivo experiments. In this work, we describe the characterization of several commercially available and two in-house-produced CNT samples and discuss the physicochemical profiles that will support their use in nanomedicine. Methods: Eighteen single-walled and multi-walled CNT raw materials were characterized using established analytical techniques. Solid CNT powders were analyzed for purity and structural quality using thermogravimetric analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Extinction coefficients for each CNT sample were determined by ultraviolet-visible near infrared absorption spectroscopy. Standard curves for each CNT sample were generated in the 0-5 µg/mL concentration range for dispersions prepared in 1,2-dichlorobenzene. Results: Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis results demonstrated that CNT purity and overall quality differed substantially between samples and manufacturer sources, and were not always in agreement with purity levels claimed by suppliers. Absorbance values for individual dispersions were found to have significant variation between individual single-walled CNTs and multi-walled CNTs and sources supplying the same type of CNT. Significant differences (P , 0.01) in extinction coefficients were observed between and within single-walled CNTs (24.9-53.1 mL·cm ). The results described here suggest a considerable role for impurities and structural inhomogeneities within individual CNT preparations and the resulting spectroscopic properties of their dispersions. Conclusion: Raw CNT materials require thorough analytical workup before they can be used as nanoexcipients. This applies especially to the determination of CNT purity, structure, and concentration. The results presented here clearly demonstrate that extinction coefficients must be determined for individual CNT preparations prior to their use.

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“…Their unusual properties, in particular their extreme length-to-diameter ratio, propensity for chemical functionalization and potential biocompatibility, make CNTs promising candidates as delivery vehicles for biologically active molecules, as targets for biophysical treatments and as templates for tissue growth and regeneration (FiguRe 4). As CNTs are hollow, they also have the potential to transport drugs by nanofluidic delivery [6,7]. Here we show the time course of delivery of ansiRNA-multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT)-complex into PAM212 keratinocytes by confocal microscopy (FiguRe 5).…”

Section: Future Science Groupmentioning

confidence: 94%

Research Spotlight: Bionanotechnology: Small can Have a Big Impact in the Medical Sciences: A Win-Win Situation. Part 1.

2010

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Bionanotechnology blends the areas of nanotechnology and biological sciences. It focuses on a wide area of fundamental research and engineering such as the fabrication of nanomaterials utilizing components and catalysts from the biological sciences as well as the application of nanotechnology to understanding and quantifying biological systems. Areas such as the development of nanomaterial-based drug-delivery systems, the development of novel biosensors and their application to clinical diagnostics as well as high-throughput screening and the exploration of how nanomaterials interact with living systems are all subjects of intense current interest. The Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), coordinates various leading-edge nanotechnology research areas at the University of Waterloo (Canada). One focus is the area of bionanotechnology.

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Formulating Nanomedicines: Focus on Carbon Nanotubes as Novel Nanoexcipients

Cited by 7 publications

References 84 publications

PEGylated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Nanocarriers for Cyclosporin A Delivery

PEGylated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Nanocarriers for Cyclosporin A Delivery

Pharmaceutical characterization of solid and dispersed carbon nanotubes as nanoexcipients

Research Spotlight: Bionanotechnology: Small can Have a Big Impact in the Medical Sciences: A Win-Win Situation. Part 1.

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