One of the main challenges in cancer treatment is the administration of active doses of chemotherapeutic to a tumor site while minimizing severe side effects. On this basis, researchers have developed different materials for achieving both spatial and temporal effective release of the active molecule at the therapeutic target. [1][2][3][4] Among these materials, the locoregional administration of drug-loaded, in situ gelling hydrogels overcomes the pharmacokinetic restrictions of intravenous injection and effectively enhances the therapeutic ratio. [5,6] Following this principle, the present work describes the design of a composite material which enables a thermally triggered and localized release of a chemotherapeutic (doxorubicin), achievable through incorporation of drug-loaded thermosensitive liposomes in a thermoresponsive chitosan/β-glycerophosphate (C/β-GP) hydrogel for local treatment.Doxorubicin (DOX) is sequentially released from the gel by 1) passive diffusion of entrapped free drug and a small portion of drug-loaded liposomes, and 2) external thermal activation of the drug-loaded liposomes irreversibly trapped in the gel. The effect of this on-demand 2 scheduled dosing is assayed in vitro with human ovarian carcinoma cells, and is proposed as a way to challenge some of the compensatory mechanisms available to tumor cells. By reducing the exposure to sublethal doses of chemotherapeutic, the growth of cells with a short doubling time is inhibited while also potentially avoiding the development of drug resistance. [7][8][9] Our proposed approach combines the in situ gelation of thermoresponsive C/β-GP hydrogels and the on-demand release achievable using thermosensitive liposomes, with the aim of providing a localized, optimal delivery of chemotherapeutic. C/β-GP-based gelling systems have been widely studied because of their biocompatible and biodegradable properties. [10,11] However, a feature which makes these hydrogels especially attractive is that they can be formulated as a syringable solution at working temperatures that undergoes a gelation at body temperature, enabling a minimally invasive delivery and localized cohesion and release of encapsulated agents. Studies investigating intratumoral injections of anticancer drug-releasing C/β-GP hydrogels in vivo have shown encouraging results. [12] Lysolipid thermally sensitive liposomes (LTSLs) are bilayered spherical vesicles that rapidly change structure upon mild hyperthermia (41-43ºC), creating openings in the liposome which release the drug payload.[13]DOX can be efficiently loaded in LTSLs by the pH gradient method, [14] in which the creation of a transmembrane proton gradient induces the accumulation of the drug into the acidic interior of the liposome. This mechanism of drug uptake also allows a pH-sensitive release when the liposome is subjected to an acid pH, such as in the endosomal compartments after cell internalization.[15]The combination of C/β-GP hydrogels with DOX-loaded LTSLs gives rise to a homogeneous dispersion (Scheme 1A) that, up...