1999
DOI: 10.1021/ma990299+
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Formulation and Stability Mechanisms of Polymerizable Miniemulsions

Abstract: Polystyrene latexes in a size range of 30−180 nm can be synthesized by polymerization in miniemulsions where the particle size responds to the amount of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) which was varied between 0.5 and 50 wt % with respect to monomer. Turbidity and surface tension measurements were used to characterize the miniemulsification by ultrasonication and the approach to a steady state of droplet size. Since size equilibrium seems to be established by a rate equation of collision-induced dr… Show more

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Cited by 356 publications
(364 citation statements)
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“…ultrasound or high pressure homogenization) [18][19][20] to a two phase mixture of oil (in a polymerization process typically the monomer) and water ( 2). [21][22] The latter describes the growth of larger droplets on the 6 account of smaller ones by diffusion of oil caused by the higher Laplace pressure in the smaller droplets that is defined as the difference of pressure (∆P) between the inside of a droplet (…”
Section: Miniemulsion Polymerizationmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…ultrasound or high pressure homogenization) [18][19][20] to a two phase mixture of oil (in a polymerization process typically the monomer) and water ( 2). [21][22] The latter describes the growth of larger droplets on the 6 account of smaller ones by diffusion of oil caused by the higher Laplace pressure in the smaller droplets that is defined as the difference of pressure (∆P) between the inside of a droplet (…”
Section: Miniemulsion Polymerizationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Each droplet acts as an individual entity during polymerization (nanoreactor concept). [21][22] Thus, the composition of the final latex particles resembles the composition of the monomer phase. As no diffusion takes place, the polymerization kinetics resembles the kinetics of a bulk radical polymerization.…”
Section: Miniemulsion Polymerizationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…63,[69][70] While the presence of either a sterical or electrostatic surfactant prevents these droplets from coalescence, the kinetic stabilization is accomplished by the suppression of Ostwald ripening by the addition of a costabilizer to the dispersed phase. [71][72] The negligible solubility of this compound in the continuous phase creates an osmotic pressure in the droplets, thus counteracting the Laplace pressure. As a result the net diffusion between the droplets is inhibited and therefore, stable droplets of the same composition as the dispersed phase prior to emulsification are obtained and can be classified as "nanoreactors".…”
Section: Microgel Synthesis In Miniemulsionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The monomer droplet surface area per surfactant molecule (A surf ) of the initial monomer droplets can be estimated based on Equation (1) The values of A surf given by Equation (1) are lower limits because the surfactant partitions between the interface and the continuous phase. In the case of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate, A surf E0.4 nm 2 at maximum surfactant surface coverage, 36 and consequently A surf o0.4 nm 2 (as computed from Equation (1)) would indicate that some surfactant is located in the aqueous phase (that is, more than what would be expected based on surfactant partitioning only). It is important to point out that the present calculation is approximate and only serves as an indication as to whether micelles were present or not.…”
Section: Particle-nucleation Mechanismmentioning
confidence: 99%