Formulation Design and Physicochemical Stability Characterization of Nanoemulsions of Nettle (Urtica dioica ) Essential Oil Using a Model-Based Methodology

Abstract

Response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the effects of the formulation main components, such as Tween 80 emulsifier concentration (T80, 0.41-0.69% w/w), and ratio of canola oil to nettle essential oil (CO/NEO, 5.93-20.07 w/w) on the physicochemical stability characteristics of NEO nanoemulsions prepared by ultrasound-assisted emulsification. The droplet growth ratio (DGR), volume-weighted mean diameter (D43) of the droplets and their polydispersity index (span), peroxide value (PV), and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH • ) antiradical efficiency (AE) were analyzed. Analytical gas chromatographymass spectrometry showed that hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, neophytadiene, β-ionone and phytol were the most dominant constituents of NEOs extracted by hydrodistillation process. An increase in T80 content significantly reduced the response variables. Applying desirability function technique for the second-order polynomial models revealed the minimum DGR (0.11), D43 (134.1 nm), span (0.38) and PV (0.85 meq O2/kg oil), and the maximum AE (0.224 × 10 −3 ) could be achieved at T80 of 0.57% w/w and CO/NEO of 8.0 w/w. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSNanotechnology rapidly emerged as one of the most promising and attractive research fields, with applications ranging from the aerospace to health industries. Nanoemulsions (NEs) can act as carriers or delivery systems for lipophilic compounds such as drugs, nutraceuticals, flavors, antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Ultrasound-assisted development of optimal structure and formulation for NEs encapsulating essential oil of Urtica dioica L. as an interest antioxidative component using response surface method can provide a possibility for innovating functional food products with high storability.

Optimization of ultrasound‐assisted extraction of functional polysaccharides from common mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.) flowers

“…The adequacy parameters of the constructed models were evaluated in terms of the lack‐of‐fit, coefficient of determination ( R 2 ), adjusted‐ R 2 , and adequate precision (AP) as previously displayed by the literature (Gharibzahedi, Rostami, & Yousefi, ). Three extra confirmation tests were finally done to verify the accuracy of experimental data under the optimal extraction conditions.…”

Effect of novel bioactive edible coatings based on jujube gum and nettle oil-loaded nanoemulsions on the shelf-life of Beluga sturgeon fillets

“…Our result was in agreement with findings obtained by Chéret et al [30] and Genç et al [28] respectively for fillets of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Increase of NEO content possibly owing to its anti-oxidant and anti-microbial features [7] had an insignificant reducing effect on the E level of BSFs. However, a significant decrease in the E amount was observed by increasing JG concentration (P < 0.05), signifying the developed edible coatings can effectively improve the lightness of BSFs during cold storage through deceleration of oxidative lipid damage.…”

“…An increase in antioxidant activities of NEO and JG at high concentrations may thus lead to the better inhibition of lipid degradation due to the more presence of bioactive phenolic compounds, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, neophytadiene, ␤-ionone and phytol [7,9]. High TVB-N levels in the fish fillets are not appropriate since this spoilage index shows the existence of nitrogenous materials deriving from the increased degradation of protein and nucleic acid molecules during the storage by the activity of proteolytic bacteria and endogenous enzymes [37].…”

New Trends in the Microencapsulation of Functional Fatty Acid‐Rich Oils Using Transglutaminase Catalyzed Crosslinking

“…In this two‐phase technique, emulsification is firstly conduced to payload PUFAs by applying a polysaccharide and/or protein based‐carrier substance and then the core material encapsulated during spray‐drying in the second step. Accordingly, determination of optimal conditions of oil emulsifying (oil loading, and emulsifier type and concentration), and homogenizing (pressure and process cycles) can provide the long‐term stability with ideal droplet size and rheological properties (Gharibzahedi and others ; Ghani and others ). Optimization of operating parameters involved in spray drying of stabilized emulsions such as inlet air temperature and flow rates of air, feed and aspiration can highly ensure excellent physicochemical attributes of microparticle powders like encapsulation efficiency (EE) and lipid oxidation.…”