Formulation of a stable biocosmetic nanoemulsion using a Bacillus lipopeptide as the green-emulsifier for skin-care applications

Microbial biosurfactant based nanoemulsions and their applications: A review

“…On the other hand, the saponin-based NE showed poor kinetic stability at the tested concentrations (except for surfactin/rhamnolipid at 75:25% mol/mol). Additionally, rhamnolipid-surfactin NE systems depicted better antimicrobial efficacy when compared to individual surfactantbased NE systems (Ganesan et al, 2023). This implies that the combination of diverse mBS in varying concentrations can help produce NE with enhanced stability and bioactive properties when compared to single mBS NE systems.…”

“…Both of these types of mBS are known to exhibit antibacterial and antifungal activities against several microorganisms, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, S. aureus, Candida albicans, Candida utilis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Malassezia furfur, and Aspergillus niger (Chen et al, 2017;da Silva et al, 2021;Ganesan & Rangarajan, 2023;Khademolhosseini, Jafari, Mousavi, Hajfarajollah, et al, 2019;Kiran et al, 2014;Mani et al, 2016;Ohadi, Forootanfar, et al, 2020;Souza et al, 2017). They have also been reported to inhibit adhesion and biofilm formation on surfaces for various pathogens, including drugresistant strains (da Silva et al, 2021;Kiran et al, 2017;Kuiper et al, 2004).…”

“…When combined, certain structurally diverse mBS can work synergistically to increase NE stability. Ganesan et al (2023) used mixed biosurfactant combinations for the synthesis of NE: saponin-rhamnolipid, saponin-surfactin, and rhamnolipid-surfactin systems. The rhamnolipidsurfactin mixture produced stable NE exhibiting maximum kinetic stability at 75:25 (% mol/mol) ratio of mBS.…”

“…The HLB values of surfactin (10-12) and rhamnolipids (15-24) indicate that the two mBS are capable of generating O/W NE and they show CMC ranging between 10 and 200 mg/L (Gudiña et al, 2013;Hoffmann et al, 2021). The low CMC values of the two mBS will enable low surfactant concentration for the preparation of NE (Ganesan & Rangarajan, 2023;Kondapi, 2021;Müller et al, 2012).…”

“…Rhamnolipidbased NE demonstrates an average droplet size of $58.5 ± 29.38 nm as opposed to surfactin-based NE, which shows an average droplet size of $146.9 ± 42.9 nm (Table 3). However, when produced using high temperature, surfactin-based NE exhibited smaller NE diameter (Ganesan et al, 2023). The table also summarizes the differences in the droplet size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index for many conventional surfactant-and mBS-based NE.…”