Formulation study for softening of hard water using surfactant modified bentonite adsorbent coating

Facile and affordable synthetic route of nano powder zeolite and its application in fast softening of water hardness

“…Quicklime and washing soda are used profusely in water purification plants, especially for hardness removal. One of the main disadvantages of this process is the generation of a large amount of discarded materials, as well as the necessity for re-carbonation of the used water [1,2].…”

Preparation and Characterization of Montmorillonite-Cetyl Trimethylammonium Bromide

“…Modification of natural bentonite with a surfactant is an easy method to change the nature of the bentonite surface hydrophilic to hydrophobic [9][10][11]. The negative charge on the surface of the silica layer of bentonite can be attached to the polar compounds and cations in the interlayer of bentonite can be exchanged with organic cations [11][12][13][14]. The structure and texture of nature and organically modified montmorillonite were characterized using various methods, such as XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX-mapping and surface area measurements along with the chemical analysis.…”

Regeneration performance of clay-based adsorbents for the removal of industrial dyes: a review

“…10,11 Dyes are non-biodegradable molecules having a carcinogenic action or causing allergies, dermatitis, or skin irritation due to their toxic nature. 12 Different treatment techniques and materials, including adsorption, 13,14 biological treatment, 15,16 oxidation, 17 ion exchange, [18][19][20] organic resin, 21 ltration, 22 precipitation, 23 electrolysis, 24 reverse osmosis, 25 and coagulation, 26 biofoulents 27 biodegradable nanocomposites, 28 adsorbant coatings, 29 and hybrid materials 28,30 have been employed to remove dyes from wastewater. Since synthetic dyes cannot be efficiently decolorized by traditional methods (e.g., activated sludge process, coagulation, oxidation).…”