Fossil Fuels and Water Quality

Allen, Lucy; Cohen, Michael J.; Abelson, David; Miller, Bart

doi:10.5822/978-1-59726-228-6_4

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Among all the natural resources, crude oil, its exploration and production activities have had the greatest impact on world polity and environment [1]- [9]. Several materials such as drilling mud, produced water, drill cuttings and hydrocarbons are discharged into the environment during crude oil production [7], with produced water as the major waste stream [8], impacting the water quality and aquatic flora and fauna [9] [10] [11]. Tubonimi et al [12] reported that many inhabitants of regions where oil production takes place are ingesting high and dangerous levels of hydrocarbons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Crude Oil Production Activities on Surface and Groundwater Quality in Sapele, Delta State, Nigeria

Ogbeibu¹,

Akpogheneta²,

Zagi³

2020

OALib

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The crude oil industry in Nigeria remains a major source of revenue and foreign exchange. However, oil exploration and production activities have the potential of causing a lot of distortions in the environment, affecting the ecosystems and human life. The purpose of this study is to assess the physicochemical status of surface and groundwater in Sapele, Delta State, a region that has witnessed oil exploration and production activities. In carrying out this study, water samples were collected monthly from April to September 2016 from stations 1 and 2 (perturbed locations) and station 3 (control) for analysis of physicochemical parameters including heavy metals. Samples were analyzed using standard procedures and atomic absorption spectrophotometer. At significant level of P < 0.05, HCO 3 , Na, K, Mg, Cl, SO 4 , Mn, Cr, Cd, Pb, EC, Colour, TSS, Turbidity, TDS and Salinity were significantly different across the study stations for surface water. A posteriori Duncan's Multiple Range Test revealed that stations 1 and 2 (perturbed stations) had higher mean values than station 3 (control). Results from the study show the average physicochemical parameters in ground and surface water conformed to World Health Organization (WHO) standard with the exception of temperature, electrical conductivity, colour, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, iron, cadmium and lead which were slightly higher than WHO and Federal Ministry of Environment permissible level for surface and groundwater indicating some level of pollution due to oil exploration activities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Crude Oil Production Activities on Surface and Groundwater Quality in Sapele, Delta State, Nigeria

Ogbeibu¹,

Akpogheneta²,

Zagi³

2020

OALib

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“…Continuous release of pollutants to the atmosphere leads to considerable environmental and health problems [4]. In addition, climate change linked to fossil fuel combustion presents an important long-term impact on the availability and quality of water worldwide [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Coupling of a Hybrid Power Plant with a Water Generation System

Moral

Petrakopoulou

2019

Applied Sciences

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This paper presents the design and analysis of an energy/water system that combines a 20 MW hybrid concentrated solar/biomass power plant with an advanced wastewater treatment facility. Designed to be installed in one of the most demanding areas of the Iberian Peninsula, the Spanish region of Andalusia, this plant seeks to provide the area with potable water and electricity. The solar block works with a mixture of molten salts, while the biomass backup system of the power plant uses olive pomace. The implementation of a direct potable reuse facility further enhances the sustainability of the project. Urban sewage from the region is collected and passed through a series of purification procedures in order to generate potable water ready to be directly blended into the water distribution system. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the feasibility of the co-generation of electricity and water in the area. With a capacity factor of 85% and an annual operation of 7,446 hours, the hybrid solar/biomass power plant generates 148.92 GWh. Exergetic analyses have been realized for two extreme cases: exclusive use of the solar block and exclusive use of the biomass system. An overall plant exergetic efficiency of 15% is found when the solar block is used and an efficiency of 34% is calculated when the biomass support system is used. Following an economic analysis, a total investment of 211,526,000 € is required for the full implementation of the system with a resulting levelized cost of energy of 0.25 €/kWh. We find that the selling price of the generated potable water which makes the plant operation economically viable is found to be 14.61 €/m3. At present, this price seems relatively high in view of current conditions; yet it is expected to become more realistic under future heightened water scarcity conditions, especially in arid regions.

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“…Oil exploration and exploitation aggravates water scarcity as significant amounts of groundwater are needed in every step (including drilling, injection, completion, and fracturing) (Allen et al, 2011). Studies from Canada, for instance, show that about three barrels of water are needed to extract one barrel of oil (Ptacek et al, 2004).…”

Section: Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The nexus of oil, conflict, and climate change vulnerability of pastoral communities in northwest Kenya

Schilling

Locham²,

Weinzierl

et al. 2015

Earth Syst. Dynam.

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Abstract. Turkana, in northwest Kenya, is the country's poorest and least developed county. Pastoralism in Turkana is well adapted to the harsh climatic conditions, but an increase in drought frequency associated with global climate change and intensifying violent conflicts between pastoral groups poses significant challenges for local communities. The conflicts are especially violent in the border region between the Turkana and the Pokot communities. In this very region significant oil reserves have recently been found. The first aim of this paper is to analyse how the oil exploration affects the communities' vulnerability to climate change. Secondly, the paper explores the risk of the oil explorations creating new conflicts or aggravating existing ones. The primary method of the study is qualitative field research supplemented with a geo-spatial analysis of conflict data. The field research was conducted in October 2013 and April 2014 in three villages with different levels of engagement with the oil exploration. At the time of the research, oil exploration was expected close to Lokwamosing, while it had recently started in the vicinity of Lopii and had been ongoing for a longer time close to Nakukulas. The findings suggest that the oil exploration increases the community's vulnerability to climate change. Further, unmet community expectations for water, employment and development pose a significant risk for violent conflict between local communities and the operating oil company. Intercommunal conflict over water and land could increase as well.

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Fossil Fuels and Water Quality

Cited by 26 publications

References 11 publications

The Effects of Crude Oil Production Activities on Surface and Groundwater Quality in Sapele, Delta State, Nigeria

The Effects of Crude Oil Production Activities on Surface and Groundwater Quality in Sapele, Delta State, Nigeria

Evaluation of the Coupling of a Hybrid Power Plant with a Water Generation System

The nexus of oil, conflict, and climate change vulnerability of pastoral communities in northwest Kenya

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