Fostering Spatial Efficiency in the Marine Space, in a Socially Sustainable Way: Lessons Learnt From a Soft Multi-Use Assessment in the Mediterranean

Abstract

In a context of growing claim for marine space and in the pursuit of maritime “spatial efficiency,” Multi-use (MU) becomes necessary to assemble more or less compatible sea uses. In this paper, the potential of the soft MU involving small-scale fisheries (SSF), tourism, and nature conservation related to marine protected areas (MPAs), widely encountered in the Mediterranean Sea basin, is being assessed in Greece. Despite the fact that the MU concept is not yet included neither in maritime spatial planning (MSP) laws nor in strategic policy documents due mainly to the dominance of terrestrial spatial plans that favor exclusive rights of highly competitive and expansive maritime activities (e.g., aquaculture), the above MU is increasingly being practiced by local communities as a socio-economic instrument (fishing tourism), able to be also occasionally oriented to nature conservation. Following the Drivers, Added Values, Barriers and Negative Impacts (DABI) analysis, a spectrum of challenges/constraints and opportunities for the application of the MU under study was revealed, grouped in socio-economic, environmental, political–regulatory, and technological factors that can enable or undermine this MU in the Greek seas. The paper concludes that there is a huge potential for the said MU development in areas dependent on fisheries, consistently to the longstanding SSF tradition that despite its decline, continues to be one of the most important among those practiced in the coastal zone and in remote and insular communities, essentially defining their particular social and cultural identity. Besides, SSF have low environmental impact, and also tourists and the local communities are gradually becoming more conservation-oriented. Hence, the MU is highlighted as a tool for sustainable use of marine space supporting the Blue Growth Agenda and reconnecting natural and cultural capital at sea, thus redefining also the role of fishers that under equitable conditions may become defenders of marine biodiversity and key actors for the sustainable management of fish stocks and ecosystems in the protected areas.

Research on the judgment of coordination of marine function classification system

“…可持续发展中所发挥的作用 [15] ，其最早可追溯至西方近代地理学的区域研究和区域规划 思想，强调人类社会应根据不同地域的资源环境禀赋和社会经济现状赋予不同功能，并 以此进行空间治理和管控 [16] 。海域是为人类提供生态系统服务和生产生活的重要国土， 海洋资源和海洋环境在地域上存在空间分异和类型组合，这就要求不同海域的开发利用 应该因地制宜，选取与海洋资源环境最适宜的利用活动和开发模式。因此，海域功能可 理解为特定海域在生态系统服务可持续供给和人类社会生产、生活等开发利用活动中所 承担的职能。海域功能的影响因素包括生态可占用性、开发利用适宜性和资源环境承载 力等。生态可占用性是指海域单元被人类生产生活活动所占据后，对整个生态系统功能 结构的损益程度 [17] ，是海域功能的关键要素。生态可占用性为人类社会合理布置海洋开 发利用活动提供了基本指向，海洋开发应着力避免占据海洋自然保护区等重要物种分布 地和生态敏感区域。开发利用适宜性是指某一海域进行特定海洋经济活动 (如渔业捕 捞、港口建设等) 的适宜性，它由该海域的资源环境禀赋和社会经济基础共同决定，是 海域功能的决定要素 [18] 。资源环境承载力是指在维持海域自然环境和人类社会可持续发 展的前提下，海域的资源环境条件 (如水环境容量等) 所能承受的人类生产生活活动的 最大规模 [19] 。它决定了人类对某一海域的开发利用强度，是海域功能的重要组成因素。 海域功能间存在竞争、兼容、互不干扰等关系，故而会形成单一型功能区和复合型多 功能区。 1.2 中国海域功能分类 中国海域功能分类标准最早可追溯到 1997 年国家海洋局发布 《海洋功能区划技术导 则 (GB 17108-1997)》 [20] ，21 世纪后，随着海洋经济的不断发展和国家海洋意识的日益 增强，又先后出现了针对海籍调查的海域利用分类体系--《海籍调查规程》 [21] 、 《海域 使用分类 (HY/T 123-2009)》 [22] ，配合全国主体功能区规划的研制和实施海洋主体功能 区分类体系--《海洋主体功能区区划技术规程 (HY/T 146-2011)》 [23] ；同时海洋功能 区划也与时俱进，出现了新的标准--《海洋功能区划技术导则 (GB 17108-2006)》 [20] 、 《省级海洋功能区划编制技术要求》 [24] 。2020 年，随着国土空间规划政策实施，国家海洋 信息中心参与编制了自然资源部制定的 《国土空间调查、规划、用途管制用地用海分类 指南》 [25] [26] 。但随着国土空间规划和"多规合一"理念的提出与推行，海洋功能区划的地位 和功能势必被国土空间规划所取代，自然资源部在 《关于全面开展国土空间规划工作的 通知》 文件中明确指出 [27] ： "各地不再新编和报批海洋功能区划" "主体功能区规划、土 [28] 。亦 即，当两种或多种海域开发利用活动对海域自然属性改变较低、环境保护要求及环境质 量标准一致或相似、不会对海域基本功能造成不可逆转的改变时，它们就可在同一片海 域中共存 [29] [11] ；判别要素选取是指筛选出海域功能可持续开展所 必需的水文、地质、地貌及环境保护要求等指标，为协调性判别奠定基础 [30] ；具体的协调 性判别过程常通过德尔菲法开展专家咨询，通过对比不同海域功能分类的内容、利用开发 影响、环境保护要求等方面的差异性，得到不同海域功能分类体系的协调性矩阵 [31] 。 综合前人研究， 《用地用海分类》 与 《海洋功能区划》 分类体系协调性分析可以从以 下几方面考虑：海域开发利用内容是否符合功能区的用途管制，是否服务于海域功能区 主导功能，是否对海域基本功能造成不可逆转改变，是否落实海域环境保护要求及环境 质量标准。由此可将海域功能分类体系协调性分为"一致、兼容、有条件兼容、不协 调"等类型 [13,14]…”

Exploring the Effects of “Smart City” in the Inner-City Fabric of the Mediterranean Metropolis: Towards a Bio-Cultural Sonic Diversity?

“…At this point, the authors of this research draw attention to the spectral dimension of sound emission by AVs and EVs, in order to highlight the drivers, added-values, barriers and impacts on biocultural complexity-the pros and cons of the incorporation of AVs and EVs in urban mobility. Through an environmental scanning technique [82], indicative insights of a group of post-graduate students were captured and are presented in the following Table 2.…”

The Future of Fisheries Co-Management in The Context of Sustainable Blue Economy and Green Deal: There Is No Green Without Blue !

“…Speaking about aquaculture, Greece is amongst the five EU MS that produce almost three quarters of the total aquaculture production, both in quantity (9,42% of EU-27) and in value (10,(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). In terms of employment in aquaculture, Greece ranks third among the 27 MS with a total of 3.524 jobs (2018) [19].…”

“…In the same year, 38.6% of the Greek annual fish production was made by SSF whilst its value referred to the 57,6% of the total value of fishing production [19]. SSF provide 19,396 full-time jobs, ranking Greece as the third country in the EU in terms of employment in the industry [20]. Most of these jobs are in remote and insular territories (see Figure 2), where there are often no alternate livelihood prospects and income streams.…”