Foundations of advanced magnetic resonance imaging

Bammer, Roland; Skare, Stefan; Newbould, Rexford D.; Thijs, Vincent; Ropele, Stefan; Clayton, David; Krueger, Gunnar; Moseley, Michael E.; Glover, Gary H.

doi:10.1602/neurorx.2.2.167

Cited by 69 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…Comparisons of the various MRS and MRI techniques currently available to neuroscientists and clinicians have been published (Bammer et al, 2005;Barker et al, 2006;Di Costanzo et al, 2003). NAA levels measured by MRS have been shown to be changed in a number of neurological disorders and conditions.…”

Section: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging Of Naamentioning

confidence: 99%

N-Acetylaspartate in the CNS: From neurodiagnostics to neurobiology

Moffett

Ross

Arun

et al. 2007

Progress in Neurobiology

1,229

1,126

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The brain is unique among organs in many respects, including its mechanisms of lipid synthesis and energy production. The nervous system-specific metabolite N-acetylaspartate (NAA), which is synthesized from aspartate and acetyl-coenzyme A in neurons, appears to be a key link in these distinct biochemical features of CNS metabolism. During early postnatal CNS development, the expression of lipogenic enzymes in oligodendrocytes, including the NAA-degrading enzyme aspartoacylase (ASPA), is increased along with increased NAA production in neurons. NAA is transported from neurons to the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes, where ASPA cleaves the acetate moiety for use in fatty acid and steroid synthesis. The fatty acids and steroids produced then go on to be used as building blocks for myelin lipid synthesis. Mutations in the gene for ASPA result in the fatal leukodystrophy Canavan disease, for which there is currently no effective treatment. Once postnatal myelination is completed, NAA may continue to be involved in myelin lipid turnover in adults, but it also appears to adopt other roles, including a bioenergetic role in neuronal mitochondria. NAA and ATP metabolism appear to be linked indirectly, whereby acetylation of aspartate may facilitate its removal from neuronal mitochondria, thus favoring conversion of glutamate to alpha ketoglutarate which can enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle for energy production. In its role as a mechanism for enhancing mitochondrial energy production from glutamate, NAA is in a key position to act as a magnetic resonance spectroscopy marker for neuronal health, viability and number. Evidence suggests that NAA is a direct precursor for the enzymatic synthesis of the neuron specific dipeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate, the most concentrated neuropeptide in the human brain. Other proposed roles for NAA include neuronal osmoregulation and axon-glial signaling. We propose that NAA may also be involved in brain nitrogen balance. Further research will be required to more fully understand the biochemical functions served by NAA in CNS development and activity, and additional functions are likely to be discovered.

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Section: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging Of Naamentioning

confidence: 99%

N-Acetylaspartate in the CNS: From neurodiagnostics to neurobiology

Moffett

Ross

Arun

et al. 2007

Progress in Neurobiology

1,229

1,126

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Perfusion-weighted MR imaging 124 represents another emerging imaging method with potential promise in the assessment of disease progression and treatment effects. Because cerebral blood flow and metabolism are generally coupled in neurodegenerative disorders, changes in cerebral perfusion may be used as a simple noninvasive, radiation-free alternative to PET and SPECT for network quantification in the resting state (e.g., 4 ).…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimaging and therapeutics in movement disorders

Eckert

Eidelberg

2005

Neurotherapeutics

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Summary:In this review, we discuss the role of neuroimaging in assessing treatment options for movement disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease (PD). Imaging methods to assess dopaminergic function have recently been applied in trials of potential neuroprotective agents. Other imaging methods using regional metabolism and/or cerebral perfusion have been recently introduced to quantify the modulation of network activity as an objective marker of the treatment response. Both imaging strategies have provided novel insights into the mechanisms underlying a variety of pharmacological and stereotaxic surgical treatment strategies for PD and other movement disorders.

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“…It is expected that clinical translation of optical molecular imaging technology will ultimately aid the diagnosis and the development of safe and efficient use of therapeutics. Such advances will likely complement the ongoing developments in radionuclide imaging, 55,56 MR imaging, 57 and MR spectroscopy 58 in the study of neurotherapeutics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Molecular optical imaging: Applications leading to the development of present day therapeutics

Shah

Weissleder

2005

Neurotherapeutics

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Summary:A number of advances in the molecular imaging field have led to the sensing of specific molecular targets and pathways in living animals. In the optical imaging field, these include the designing of biocompatible near-infrared fluorochromes, development of targeted and activatable "smart" imaging probes, and engineering of activatable fluorescent and bioluminescent proteins. The current advances in molecular optical imaging will help in early disease diagnoses, functioning of a number of pathways and finally help speed drug discovery. In this review, we will describe the near infrared fluorescent and bioluminescence imaging modalities and how these techniques have been employed in current research. Furthermore, we will also shed some light on the use of these imaging modalities in neurotherapeutics, for example imaging different parameters of vector-mediated gene expression in glioma tumors and stem cell tracking in vivo.

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Foundations of advanced magnetic resonance imaging

Cited by 69 publications

References 147 publications

N-Acetylaspartate in the CNS: From neurodiagnostics to neurobiology

N-Acetylaspartate in the CNS: From neurodiagnostics to neurobiology

Neuroimaging and therapeutics in movement disorders

Molecular optical imaging: Applications leading to the development of present day therapeutics

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