Foundations of offshore wind turbines: A review

Wu, Xiao; Hu, Y. Charlie; Li, Ye; Yang, Jian; Duan, Lei; Wang, Tongguang; Adcock, Thomas A. A.; Jiang, Zhiyu; Gao, Zhen; Lin, Zhifang; Borthwick, Alistair G.L.; Liao, Shijun

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.012

Cited by 357 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…Depending on the depth of the seabed, as well as the surrounding conditions and sea climate, different solutions have been used since the first offshore wind turbines were designed. Some of the most important typologies of foundations are defined as follows [55][56][57][58][59]:…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Foundations in Offshore Wind Farms: Evolution, Characteristics and Range of Use. Analysis of Main Dimensional Parameters in Monopile Foundations

Avila-Sanchez

Gutiérrez

Negro

et al. 2019

JMSE

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Renewable energies are the future, and offshore wind is undoubtedly one of the renewable energy sources for the future. Foundations of offshore wind turbines are essential for its right development. There are several types: monopiles, gravity-based structures, jackets, tripods, floating support, etc., being the first ones that are most used up to now. This manuscript begins with a review of the offshore wind power installed around the world and the exposition of the different types of foundations in the industry. For that, a database has been created, and all the data are being processed to be exposed in clear graphic summarizing the current use of the different foundation types, considering mainly distance to the coast and water depth. Later, the paper includes an analysis of the evolution and parameters of the design of monopiles, including wind turbine and monopile characteristics. Some monomials are considered in this specific analysis and also the soil type. So, a general view of the current state of monopile foundations is achieved, based on a database with the offshore wind farms in operation.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Foundations in Offshore Wind Farms: Evolution, Characteristics and Range of Use. Analysis of Main Dimensional Parameters in Monopile Foundations

Avila-Sanchez

Gutiérrez

Negro

et al. 2019

JMSE

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“…Offshore wind power is developing into a major energy source globally due to the abundant reserves, high-energy density, and fewer civil complaints compared to onshore wind power. The global installed capacity reached more than 14,300 MW at the end of 2016 [1], and an increased potential for growth in future was estimated [2,3]. To achieve high energy harvesting efficiency, the industry is currently advancing into deeper waters accompanied by upscaling the offshore wind turbines (OWTs) from 5 to 8 MW, 10 MW and then 12 MW [4] (see Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Scour around a Monopile Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines and Scour Effects on Structural Responses

Qi¹,

Gao²

2020

Geotechnical Engineering - Advances in Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

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Monopile is the most commonly used foundation type for offshore wind turbines. The local scour at a monopile foundation generated by the incoming shear flow has significant influence on both quasi-static lateral responses and dynamic responses of the monopile. This chapter focuses particularly on characterizing the local scour in both spatial and temporal scales and revealing the scour mechanisms associated with the flow field around a monopile. The predicting methods for the equilibrium scour depth and the time scale of scour are detailed under various representative flow conditions in the marine environment. The scale effect while extrapolating the results of model tests to prototype conditions is highlighted. The local scour imposes significant influence not only on the deformation and stiffness of the monopile foundation, but also on the natural frequency and fatigue life of the structure system. Monopiles with diameters up to 10 m have become a feasible option as the industry is currently advancing into deeper waters. More meticulous considerations for monopile design associated with the scour depth prediction and evaluation of scour effects are still in need to efficiently minimize the cost while remaining safety simultaneously.

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“…Among the different kinds of wind turbines, oceanic floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) are an excellent solution to avoid interference with life on the land and achieve higher energy efficiency due to the steadier and higher annual mean offshore wind velocity. There have been many theoretical and conceptual studies on FOWT [1][2][3]. A typical FOWT is composed of an upper structure containing the wind turbine rotor supported by a tower and the lower support platform below the mean water level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Optimization and Coupled Dynamics Analysis of an Offshore Wind Turbine with a Single Swivel Connected Tether

Chen

2020

Energies

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The increased interest in renewable wind energy has stimulated many offshore wind turbine concepts. This paper presents a design optimization and a coupled dynamics analysis of a platform with a single tether anchored to the seabed supported for a 5 MW baseline wind turbine. The design is based on a concept named SWAY. We conduct a parametric optimization process that accounts for important design considerations in the static and dynamic view, such as the stability, natural frequency, performance requirements, and cost feasibility. Through these optimization processes, we obtain and present the optimized model. We then establish the fully coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic model by the time-domain simulation tool FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence) with the hydrodynamic coefficients from an indoor program HydroGen. We conduct extensive time-domain simulations with various wind and wave conditions to explore the effects of wind speed and wave significant height on the dynamic performance of the optimized SWAY model in various water depths. The swivel connection between the platform and tether is the most special design for the SWAY model. Thus, we compare the performance of models with different tether connection designs, based on the platform motions, nacelle velocity, nacelle accelerations, resonant behaviors, and the damping of the coupled systems. The results of these comparisons demonstrate the advantage of the optimized SWAY model with the swivel connection. From these analyses, we prove that the optimized SWAY model is a good candidate for deep water deployment.

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Foundations of offshore wind turbines: A review

Cited by 357 publications

References 120 publications

Foundations in Offshore Wind Farms: Evolution, Characteristics and Range of Use. Analysis of Main Dimensional Parameters in Monopile Foundations

Foundations in Offshore Wind Farms: Evolution, Characteristics and Range of Use. Analysis of Main Dimensional Parameters in Monopile Foundations

Local Scour around a Monopile Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines and Scour Effects on Structural Responses

Design Optimization and Coupled Dynamics Analysis of an Offshore Wind Turbine with a Single Swivel Connected Tether

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