Four Asian Tigers

Abstract

This chapter describes innovative approaches, both within schools and across multiple sectors, to urban environmental education in the highly urbanized environments of Singapore, Hong Kong, Taipei, and Seoul. Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea—the so-called “Four Asian Tigers”—pursued aggressive industrialization to boost economic growth, resulting in rapid urbanization. Today their cities are faced with acute urban problems. As each of these highly urbanized cities faces the complex challenges that come with development, they turned to urban environmental education to foster environmental awareness and environmentally responsible behaviors. The chapter examines the strategies adopted by Singapore, Hong Kong, Taipei, and Seoul, such as integrating environmental education into the school curriculum, inquiry-based field trips, technology, partnerships, and urban environmental centers.

Valuation of student-led agricultural activities at university: comparison of willingness to pay with inferred values

“…Urban agriculture can be defined as a form of farming or gardening implemented in cities, and includes community gardens, school gardens, and urban organic farms (Russ and Gaus 2021 ). Easy access to greenery and/or agricultural fields enhances the well-being and quality of life for urban residents (Tan et al 2017 ), and provides environmental education opportunities, especially if such fields are created in the campuses of educational institutes (Pevec et al 2017 ). Having greenery on campus enables students to experience nature and grow plants and crops.…”