Four cases of heterotopia of an intrauterine device embedded in the bladder muscular layer causing cystolithiasis: case report and review of the literature

Abstract

Family planning is a basic national policy in China. An intrauterine device (IUD) is an important method of achieving family planning owing to its high safety, low cost, and convenient use. The indwelling birth control ring has no obvious adverse effects on the sexual life of women after the operation, and the process is reversible. This ring can be removed for women who want to have children again. There are approximately 100 million women with IUDs worldwide, with approximately 80 million in China. This finding accounts for approximately 40% of women of childbearing age in China. Although an IUD is safe, the invasive operation inevitably leads to complications, such as pelvic infection, abnormal menstruation, and damage to adjacent organs. Among them, ectopic bladder stone formation is a rare complication, but several related cases have been reported. We report four cases of heterotopia of an IUD and cystolithiasis, with diagnosis based on the medical history, clinical manifestations, imaging, and cystoscopic findings. The four patients with ectopic IUDs were treated with cystoscopy combined with laparoscopy (or hysteroscopy). We describe the process of diagnosis and treatment of our patients, and the related literature on an ectopic IUD is reviewed.

Migrated Hem-o-Lok clips in the neobladder with giant stone formation: a case report

“…Shun-Fa et al have reported a case of HOLC migrating into the bladder with stone formation after laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy and bladder cuff excision [ 3 ]. Li Wan et al also reported four cases of intrauterine device (IUD) migration into the bladder with stone formation [ 4 ]. After thoroughly searching the PubMed, there is only one report of Hem-o-Lok clip migration into the neobladder, which was reported by Shu-Xiong et al As of yet, no definite mechanism has been identified for how surgical clips, including metal clips, migrate into the urinary tract.…”

Long-Term Retained Lippes Loop Intrauterine Device Causes Vesicouterine Fistula

“…The utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) has been on the rise since the early 2000s [ 2 ]. As of 2020, there were approximately 100 million women with IUDs globally [ 3 ]. With the United States having an unintended pregnancy rate of around 50% [ 4 ], it is crucial to provide a greater range of safe and effective contraceptive options, including long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) such as intrauterine devices (IUDs).…”

“…In underdeveloped countries, IUDs constitute 16.5% of the birth control methods used, while in developed countries, they account for 9.4% [ 5 ]. Due to a lack of adequate health education among some women, when they experience symptoms related to an IUD's inflammatory reaction, they may not be able to promptly identify and receive a diagnosis for the foreign body [ 3 ], thus leading to urology-related diseases.…”

“…Lost IUDs can be located and retrieved using minimally invasive procedures like hysteroscopy, endoscopy, and laparoscopy [ 4 ]. Due to the anatomical proximity of the uterus to the bladder, the insertion of an IUD can cause harm to the uterus [ 3 ]. When the bladder is full and contracts, it comes into close contact with the front wall of the uterus, which can lead to damage.…”

Enterovesical Fistula and Bladder Calculus caused by a Migrated Intrauterine Device: A Case Report

“…These complications are often unnoticed as they carry a low index of suspicion, thus making diagnosis difficult. Additionally, some patients experience nonspecific inflammatory symptoms such as cystitis, frequent urination, urinary urgency, dysuria, and discomfort of the lower abdomen, thus further causing a delay in the relevant examination, diagnosis, and treatment (Wan et al, 2021). Another rare complication of IUD migration is the formation of vesical calculus or bladder stone.…”